Effectiveness of Fluoroscopy-Guided Percutaneous Vertebral Biopsy.

Objective To define the effectiveness of fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous vertebral biopsy. Methods Prospective study of patients with vertebral destruction syndrome at one institution. Percutaneous transpedicular vertebral biopsies guided by fluoroscopy were performed, and bony tissue and intervertebral disc tissue were extracted; histopathology and microbiology studies were also performed. Age, sex, vertebral segment, neurologic status, and biopsy and culture results were analyzed. Results The average age of the patients was 53.8 years (range: 2 to 83 years), and the main spine segment was the lumbar segment in 62% of the cases. According to the impairment scale of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), preoperatively, 49% of the patients were classified as Asia E, and 100% had pain. Definitive etiology was identified in 83% of the sample. The etiology was grouped into three categories: infectious, neoplasia, and degenerative (osteoporotic). The infectious group was composed of 36% of the patients, in whom Staphylococcus aureus was the most common agent identified; in 34.9% the sample, the etiology was neoplastic, most commonly multiple myeloma and metastatic disease due to prostate cancer; 21.7% of the patients had osteoporosis. The average surgical time was of 47.5 minutes, the average blood loss was of 10 mL. No complications were reported. Conclusion Transpedicular percutaneous biopsy guided by fluoroscopy had an effectiveness of 83% for the etiological diagnosis of vertebral destruction syndrome in the present series. It should be considered a useful minimally-invasive procedure, which is easy, economical, and reproducible, with low risk of short- and long-term complications.

Effectiveness of Fluoroscopy-Guided Percutaneous Vertebral Biopsy / Eficácia da biópsia vertebral percutânea guiada por fluoroscopia

Abstract Objective To define the effectiveness of fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous vertebral biopsy. Methods Prospective study of patients with vertebral destruction syndrome at one institution. Percutaneous transpedicular vertebral biopsies guided by fluoroscopy were performed, and bony tissue and intervertebral disc tissue were extracted; histopathology and microbiology studies were also performed. Age, sex, vertebral segment, neurologic status, and biopsy and culture results were analyzed. Results The average age of the patients was 53.8 years (range: 2 to 83 years), and the main spine segment was the lumbar segment in 62% of the cases. According to the impairment scale of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), preoperatively, 49% of the patients were classified as Asia E, and 100% had pain. Definitive etiology was identified in 83% of the sample. The etiology was grouped into three categories: infectious, neoplasia, and degenerative (osteoporotic). The infectious group was composed of 36% of the patients, in whom Staphylococcus aureus was the most common agent identified; in 34.9% the sample, the etiology was neoplastic, most commonly multiple myeloma and metastatic disease due to prostate cancer; 21.7% of the patients had osteoporosis. The average surgical time was of 47.5 minutes, the average blood loss was of 10 mL. No complications were reported. Conclusion Transpedicular percutaneous biopsy guided by fluoroscopy had an effectiveness of 83% for the etiological diagnosis of vertebral destruction syndrome in the present series. It should be considered a useful minimally-invasive procedure, which is easy, economical, and reproducible, with low risk of short- and long-term complications.

Resumo Objetivo Definir a eficácia da biópsia vertebral percutânea guiada por fluoroscopia. Métodos Este é um estudo prospectivo de pacientes com síndrome de destruição vertebral em uma instituição. Os pacientes foram submetidos a biópsias vertebrais transpediculares percutâneas guiadas por fluoroscopia, com obtenção de tecido ósseo e tecido do disco intervertebral, para estudo histopatológico e microbiológico. Idade, sexo, segmento vertebral, estado neurológico, e resultados de biópsia e de cultura foram analisados. Resultados A idade média dos pacientes foi de 53,8 anos (gama: 2 a 83 anos), e o principal local acometido da coluna foi a segmento lombar, em 62% dos casos. Segundo a escala de disfunção da American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), no pré-operatório, 49% dos pacientes foram classificados como ASIA E, e 100% apresentavam dor. A etiologia definitiva foi identificada em 83% dos pacientes. A etiologia foi agrupada em três categorias: infecciosa, neoplásica, e degenerativa (osteoporótica). O grupo infeccioso era composto por 36% dos pacientes da amostra, e Staphylococcus aureus foi o agente mais comumente identificado; em 34,9% dos casos, a etiologia era neoplásica, principalmente mieloma múltiplo e doença metastática por câncer de próstata; 21,7% dos pacientes apresentavam osteoporose. O tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 47,5 minutos, e a perda média de sangue foi de 10 mL. Nenhuma complicação foi relatada. Conclusão Nesta série, a biópsia percutânea transpedicular guiada por fluoroscopia teve 83% de eficácia no diagnóstico etiológico da síndrome de destruição vertebral. Este procedimento minimamente invasivo deve ser considerado bom, fácil, barato e reprodutível, com baixo risco de complicações em curto e longo prazos.

Serratia marcescens as a cause of cervical myelopathy / Serratia marcescens como causa de mielopatia cervical / Serratia marcescens como causa de mielopatía cervical

ABSTRACT Introduction: The main causative agent of spinal infections is Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, followed by saprophytes of the skin. The most affected segment is the lumbar, followed by the thoracic. Objective: Case report. Results: A previously healthy 40-year-old man with posterior cervical pain and myelopathy was referred to our spine service for vertebral destruction syndrome in C3-C4 and altered carbohydrate metabolism. Microdiscectomy and abscess drainage were performed and a biopsy was taken for definitive diagnosis. Multiresistant Serratia Marcescens was isolated in the culture. Both the myelopathy and carbohydrate intolerance were resolved as the infection was resolved. Conclusion: The significance of this case lies in the infective presentation of the S. Marcescens in an immunocompetent person, since it is mainly an opportunistic microorganism, and in the atypical location. The most commonly isolated pathogen is Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. Identification of the causative agent is essential to the initiation of antibiotic therapy. Therefore, microbiological isolation plays a fundamental role in the treatment, recovery and quality of life of the patient. Level of evidence V; Case report.

RESUMO Introdução: O principal agente causador das infecções da coluna vertebral é o Mycobacterium tuberculosis, seguido pelos saprófitos da pele. O segmento mais afetado é o lombar, seguido pelo torácico. Objetivo: Relato de caso. Resultados: Um homem, anteriormente saudável, de 40 anos, com dor cervical posterior e mielopatia como principal sintomatologia, foi encaminhado ao nosso serviço de coluna vertebral com síndrome de destruição vertebral em C3-C4 e alteração do metabolismo de carboidratos. A microdiscectomia e a drenagem de abscessos foram realizadas e uma biópsia foi feita para diagnóstico definitivo. A Serratia marcescens multirresistente foi isolada na cultura. Tanto a mielopatia como a intolerância a carboidratos foram resolvidas, uma vez que a infecção foi tratada. Conclusão: A importância desse caso reside na apresentação infecciosa da S. marcescens em uma pessoa imunocompetente, uma vez que esse é principalmente um microrganismo oportunista e por sua localização atípica. O patógeno mais comumente isolado é o Mycobacterium tuberculosis, seguido pelo Staphylococcus aureus. A identificação do agente causador é essencial para início da terapia com antibióticos. Portanto, o isolamento microbiológico desempenha um papel fundamental no tratamento, recuperação e qualidade de vida do paciente. Nível de evidência: V; Relato de caso.

RESUMEN Introducción: El principal agente causal de las infecciones de columna es la Mycobacterium Tuberculosis seguido de los saprófitos de la piel y el principal segmento afectado es el lumbar, seguido del torácico. Objetivo: Reporte de caso. Resultados: Presentamos un masculino de 40 años previamente sano, referido al servicio de columna por síndrome de destrucción vertebral C3-C4, con dolor cervical posterior y mielopatía como principal sintomatología, y alteración del metabolismo de carbohidratos. Se realizó microdiscectomía y drenaje de absceso con toma de biopsia para diagnóstico definitivo. En el cultivo se aisló Serratia Marcescens, multirresistente. La mielopatía y la intolerancia a los carbohidratos se resolvieron una vez resuelta la infección. Conclusión: La importancia de este caso radica en la presentación infectante de la S. Marcescens en una persona inmunocompetente ya que esta es principalmente un microorganismo oportunista y por su localización atípica. El patógeno más comúnmente aislado es Mycobacterium Tuberculosis seguido de Staphylococcus aureus. La identificación del agente causal es fundamental para iniciar la terapéutica antibiótica. Por lo tanto, el aislamiento microbiológico tiene un papel fundamental en el tratamiento, la recuperación y calidad de vida del paciente. Nivel de evidencia V; Reporte de caso.

Multiple hereditary osteochondromatosis with spinal cord compression: case report.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the report is to describe a patient with hereditary osteochondromatosis and spinal cord compression at the thoracic level. CLINICAL FEATURES: An 8-year-old patient with hereditary osteochondromatosis inherited from his father presented paraparesis in the left foot, leading to complete paralysis in both legs. INTERVENTION: In a CT scan, a bony tumor rising from the posterior wall of the T3 body narrowing the spinal canal, and the MRI spinal cord compression at the same level and the hydrosyringomyelic cavity extended to the conus medullaris; with an anterior thoracic approach to T2-T4, the fibro-cartilaginous tumor was removed, and the stabilization was completed with bone graft and a plate. Two months after surgery, the patient recovered strength in both legs. CONCLUSIONS: A detailed family history through examination-guided advanced imaging and biopsy provides useful information for diagnosis and appropriate management of occupative lesions in patients affected with multiple hereditary exostosis.

[Treatment of thoracic disc herniation. Case report]. / Tratamiento de hernia discal torácica. Reporte de 2 casos.

BACKGROUND: Herniated thoracic intervertebral disc is a rare cause of spinal cord compression. Its frequency varies from 0.15% to 1.7% of all disc herniations, and produces symptoms in 0.5% to 0.8%. CLINICAL CASES: Case 1. A 50-year-old woman, with pain and burning sensation in left hemithorax of four months of onset. It was treated as a herpetic syndrome, with no improvement. She was seen after thirteen days of exacerbation of clinical symptoms. The physical examination showed asymmetric paraparesis, lower left pelvic limb 1/5, and right pelvic limb 3/5¸ sensory level T8, with left Babinski positive. A thoracic disc herniation in space T8-T9 was diagnosed. CASE 2: A 55-year-old patient with a history of presenting pain in lumbar area of 5 years onset. She also had radicular pain that radiated to the right pelvic limb, with intensity 10/10 on a Visual Analogue Scale. Her physical examination showed muscle strength 5/5, with normal sensitivity in all dermatomes and tendon reflexes, and a positive right Babinski. Thoracic disc herniation T7-T8 level was diagnosed. DISCUSSION: Due to anatomical conditions that define this type of hernia, the extracavitary posterolateral approach should be the recommended surgical procedure when the simultaneously performed anterior decompression and fixation with posterior instrumentation are the treatments proposed. CONCLUSION: Despite the different anatomical structures of this special area, it was possible to obtain satisfactory results for both clinical cases.

Chordoid meningioma of the foramen magnum in a child: a case report and review of the literature.

We report a 3-year-6-month-old boy with chordoid meningioma in the foramen magnum. Chordoid meningioma represents between 0.5 and 1.0% of all meningiomas, and it is frequently located in the supratentorial region. The patient started with an episode of instability, falls, and headache; after which, he developed cuadriparesis, cervical pain, and neck stiffness, which slightly improved after medical treatment, so he was referred to our hospital. Physical examination revealed left hemiparesis and cervical muscle spasm with left torticollis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated an intradural-extramedullary well-circumscribed, homogeneous enhancing mass, in the anterior part of the foramen magnum with cervical extension. The operative technique was the extreme-lateral craniocervical retrocondylar approach with total removal and dural coagulation. Histopathological examination demonstrated a chordoid meningioma, with meningotelial basophilic mucoid chordoma-like component in 80% of the tissue. The immunohistochemical stains were positive to epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin, and S-100 protein. At 10 months follow-up, the patient showed improvement in his neurological deficit with physical rehabilitation, and motor response in his extremities are now normal; neck stiffness with cervical spasm disappeared postoperatively. MRI showed no residual tumor. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a chordoid meningioma on the foramen magnum in a child.