Role of IGF2 in the Study of Development and Evolution of Prostate Cancer.

Prostate Cancer (PC) is commonly known as one of the most frequent tumors among males. A significant problem of this tumor is that in early stages most of the cases course as indolent forms, so an active surveillance will anticipate the appearance of aggressive stages. One of the main strategies in medical and biomedical research is to find non-invasive biomarkers for improving monitoring and performing a more precise follow-up of diseases like PC. Here we report the relevant role of IGF2 and miR-93-5p as non-invasive biomarker for PC. This event could improve current medical strategies in PC.

Abscesos cerebrales familiares secundarios a telangiectasia familiar hereditaria / Familial brain abscesses secondary to hereditary familial telangiectasia

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[Familial brain abscesses secondary to hereditary familial telangiectasia]. / Abscesos cerebrales familiares secundarios a telangiectasia familiar hereditaria.

TITLE: Abscesos cerebrales familiares secundarios a telangiectasia familiar hereditaria.

Inventario del espectro autista y childhood autism rating scale: correspondencia con criterios DSM-IV-TR en pacientes con trastornos generalizados del desarrollo / Clinical usefulness of IDEA and CARS: concordance with DSM- IV -TR in children and adolescents with suspicion of PDD

INTRODUCCIÓN: El empleo de escalas basadas en la observación directa resulta útil tanto para estimar la severidad de los síntomas característicos de los trastornos generalizados del desarrollo (TGD) como para monitorizar su evolución. OBJETIVOS: a) Analizar la concordancia entre los diagnósticos basados en el Inventario del Espectro Autista (IDEA) y el Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), respecto a los criterios DSM- IV -TR, en pacientes con sospecha de TGD; b) estudiar la capacidad de ambas escalas para discriminar entre diferentes diagnósticos clínicos situados dentro del espectro autista. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Cincuenta y seis niños y adolescentes, entre 2 y 20 años, que acudieron a la consulta de Neuropediatría por sospecha de TGD. De forma independiente, 2 clínicos evaluaron la presencia de síntomas de TGD; uno de ellos según los criterios DSM- IV -TR y el otro de acuerdo con las escalas IDEA y CARS. RESULTADOS: La concordancia del IDEA y del CARS respecto a la clasificación DSM- IV -TR fue del 73 y 82%, con sensibilidad de 1 y 0,83 y especificidad de 0,61 y 0,82, respectivamente. Ambas escalas discriminan correctamente entre el trastorno autista y los demás diagnósticos clínicos. CONCLUSIONES: Tanto el IDEA como el CARS constituyen instrumentos útiles para la detección y monitorización del autismo en la práctica clínica diaria

INTRODUCTION: Observational scales are useful to estimate the severity of symptoms in PDD as well as to monitor their evolution. OBJECTIVES: a) To analyze the concordance between diagnoses based on the Autism Spectrum Inventory (Inventario del Espectro Autista, IDEA)) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), compared to DSM-IV-TR criteria, in subjects with a suspicion of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), and b) to study the discrimination power of both scales to differentiate between a clinical diagnosis situated in the autism spectrum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six children and adolescents, between 2 and 20 years-old, who attended our Neuropediatric Unit due to suspicion of PDD. Independently, two clinicians evaluated the presence of PDD symptoms; one of them according to DSM-IV-TR criteria and the other one based on the application of IDEA and CARS. RESULTS: The concordance of IDEA and CARS when compared to DSM-IV-TR classification was73 and 82%, respectively, with a sensitivity of 1 and 0,83 and a specificity of 0,61 and 0,82, respectively. Both scales correctly discriminated between autistic disorder and other clinical diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Both IDEA and CARS are useful instruments to detect and monitor autism symptoms in the context of routine clinical practice

[Clinical usefulness of IDEA and CARS: concordance with DSM-IV-TR in children and adolescents with suspicion of PDD]. / Inventario del espectro autista y childhood autism rating scale: correspondencia con criterios DSM-IV-TR en pacientes con trastornos generalizados del desarrollo.

INTRODUCTION: Observational scales are useful to estimate the severity of symptoms in PDD as well as to monitor their evolution. OBJECTIVES: a) To analyze the concordance between diagnoses based on the Autism Spectrum Inventory (Inventario del Espectro Autista, IDEA)) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), compared to DSM-IV-TR criteria, in subjects with a suspicion of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), and b) to study the discrimination power of both scales to differentiate between a clinical diagnosis situated in the autism spectrum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six children and adolescents, between 2 and 20 years-old, who attended our Neuropediatric Unit due to suspicion of PDD. Independently, two clinicians evaluated the presence of PDD symptoms; one of them according to DSM-IV-TR criteria and the other one based on the application of IDEA and CARS. RESULTS: The concordance of IDEA and CARS when compared to DSM-IV-TR classification was 73 and 82%, respectively, with a sensitivity of 1 and 0,83 and a specificity of 0,61 and 0,82, respectively. Both scales correctly discriminated between autistic disorder and other clinical diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Both IDEA and CARS are useful instruments to detect and monitor autism symptoms in the context of routine clinical practice.

Déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Perspectiva desde Atención Primaria / Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder4 from the point of view of the primary care pediatrician

Introducción: el déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno neuropsiquiátrico común en la infancia y en la adolescencia. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que muestren la situación actual de este trastorno desde la perspectiva del pediatra de Atención Primaria. Material y métodos: a fecha de 1 de julio de 2011, fueron seleccionados los pacientes de edad comprendida entre 6 y 14 años de edad controlados en el centro de salud de Catarroja que presentaban el diagnóstico de TDAH. A partir de la historia clínica se procedió a la recogida de datos del paciente, de los profesionales involucrados en el diagnóstico, del tratamiento y del seguimiento. Resultados: de los 2466 niños entre 6 y 14 años de edad registrados, 47 estaban diagnosticados de TDAH (1,9%). La mayoría de los pacientes fueron remitidos desde Pediatría de Atención Primaria para ser estudiados por Neuropediatría y/o Psiquiatría infantil. El tratamiento más extendido fue el metilfenidato (87%), seguido de atomoxetina (4%). Se realizaron exploraciones complementarias al 32% de los pacientes durante el seguimiento, para descartar otras causas de los síntomas. La existencia de comorbilidades asociadas fue similar a la encontrada en otros estudios. La evolución fue favorable en la mayoría de los pacientes en los que se registró la evolución (36%). Conclusión: la prevalencia de TDAH encontrada en nuestra área ha sido baja, probablemente debido al diseño del estudio. Los pacientes son diagnosticados y tratados mayoritariamente por las especialidades de Neuropediatría y/o Psiquiatría infantil. Algunos de los pacientes son tratados por el pediatra de cabecera, tendencia que esperamos siga en aumento(AU)

Introduction: ATtention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder in children and adolescents. However there are not studies about this condition from the standpoint of the primary care pediatrician. Material and methods: on July 2011 the patients with the diagnosis of AHDH and between 6 to 12 years of age were selected at the Catarroja Health Center (Valencia). Patient data from the clinical history were recorded and who was the professional that made the diagnosis, treatment and follow up. Results: forty-seven children were diagnosed of ADHD from a total of 2466 (prevalence rate 1.9%). Most of them were referred from the primary care pediatrician to the pediatric neurologist of psychiatrist. The most common treatment was methylphenidate followed by atomexetine. Complementary test were performed in 32% of the patients to rule out alternative causes for the symptoms. The coexisting conditions found were similar to other reports. The outcome of the patients, when reporte, was satisfactory in most of them (36%). Conclusion: the prevalence found in our area is low, probably due to the study design. PAtients are diagnosed and treated frequently by the pediatric neurologist or psychiatrist. Some of the cases are treated by the pediatrician, tendency that we hope to be increased(AU)

[Ectopic relapse of an operated craniopharyngioma. Case report and review of the literature]. / Recidiva a distancia de craneofaringioma intervenido. Caso clínico y revisión de laliteratura.

INTRODUCTION. Craniopharyngioma is an embrionary tumor of the sellar and/suprasellar region derived from fusiform cells of Rathke´s cleft. Although locoregional relapse is the way classically proposed for relapse after treatment, it has been described, in a few cases, the possibility of ectopic relapse out of the sellar-suprasellar region, by direct seeding of cells during surgery on the surgical field, or by cell dissemination in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is proposed to report the case of a patient with relapse of a craniopharyngioma in the frontal lobe, who was previously operated ten years after, as well as to review the similar cases reported in the literature to the date. RESULTS. A systematic review of the literature has allowed to find 21 cases previously reported. Direct cellular seeding was the most frequent implantation mechanism. In all cases, the preferred treatment was radical surgical removal when this was possible. The time of latency between first surgery and relapse differed from 1 to 21 years. CONCLUSIONS. It is interesting, in the differential diagnosis, to bear in mind the possibility of ectopic relapse of craniopharyngioma in patients who have been operated because of this type of tumor and who present a new mass in nervous central system (CNS). In view of the long time of latency that can pass between the resection of a craniopharyngioma and his relapse, there becomes necessary a long follow-up of these patients by periodic imaging tests.

Recidiva a distancia de craneofaringioma intervenido. Caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Ectopic relapse of an operated craniopharyngioma. Case report and review of the literature

Introducción. El craneofaringioma es un tumor embrionario de la región selar y/o supraselar derivado de células fusiformes de la bolsa de Rathke. Aunque la forma clásicamente propuesta para la recidiva tras el tratamiento es a nivel locorregional, se ha descrito, en raras ocasiones, la posibilidad de recidiva ectópica fuera de esta localización, bien por siembra directa de células durante la cirugía en el campo quirúrgico, bien por diseminación celular a través de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). Se presenta el caso de una paciente con metástasis en el lóbulo frontal de un craneofaringioma previamente intervenido diez años antes y se revisan los casos similares publicados en la literatura hasta la fecha.Resultados. Una revisión sistemática de la literatura ha permitido encontrar 21 casos publicados previamente. La siembra celular directa fue el mecanismo de implantación más frecuente. En todos, el tratamiento de elección fue la resección quirúrgica completa, cuando esta fue posible. El tiempo de latencia entre la primera cirugía y la recidiva ectópica varió entre 1 y 21 años.Conclusiones. Es interesante tener presente en el diagnóstico diferencial la posibilidad de recidiva ectópica de craneofaringioma en pacientes que hayan sido intervenidos de este tipo de tumor y que presenten una nueva masa en sistema nervioso central (SNC). Dado el largo tiempo de latencia que puede transcurrir entre la resección de un craneofaringioma y su recidiva, se hace necesario un seguimiento largo de estos pacientes mediante pruebas periódicas de imagen (AU)

Introduction. Craniopharyngioma is an embrionary tumor of the sellar and/suprasellar region derived from fusiform cells of Rathke´s cleft. Although locoregional relapse is the way classically proposed for relapse after treatment, it has been described, in a few cases, the possibility of ectopic relapse out of the sellar-suprasellar region, by direct seeding of cells during surgery on the surgical field, or by cell dissemination in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is proposed to report the case of a patient with relapse of a craniopharyngioma in the frontal lobe, who was previously operated ten years after, as well as to review the similar cases reported in the literature to the date.Results. A systematic review of the literature has allowed to find 21 cases previously reported. Direct cellular seeding was the most frequent implantation mechanism. In all cases, the preferred treatment was radical surgical removal when this was possible. The time of latency between first surgery and relapse differed from 1 to 21 years.Conclusions. It is interesting, in the differential diagnosis, to bear in mind the possibility of ectopic relapse of craniopharyngioma in patients who have been operated because of this type of tumor and who present a new mass in nervous central system (CNS). In view of the long time of latency that can pass between the resection of a craniopharyngioma and his relapse, there becomes necessary a long follow-up of these patients by periodic imaging tests (AU)

Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in a Mennonite community in Durango State, Mexico.

There is a lack of information concerning the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Mennonites (an ethnic group of Mexican citizens of German descent living in rural communities). The prevalence of anti- T. gondii immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies was examined in 152 Mennonites in Durango State, Mexico, using enzyme-linked immunoassays. In total, 46 (30.3%) of 152 participants (mean age 38.4 ± 15.5 yr) had IgG T. gondii antibodies; 5 (3.3%) also had IgM T. gondii antibodies. Toxoplasma gondii infection was significantly associated with the presence of cats at home (adjusted OR  =  3.93; 95% CI: 1.40-11.05), raising cattle (adjusted OR  =  3.88; 95% CI: 1.24-12.11), consumption of pigeon meat (adjusted OR  =  3.0; 95% CI: 1.36-6.63), and consumption of untreated water (adjusted OR  =  2.42; 95% CI: 1.09-5.40). This is the first report of seroprevalence and contributing factors for T. gondii infection in Mennonites and of an association of the consumption of pigeon meat with T. gondii infection. Results of this study should be useful in the design of optimal preventive measures against T. gondii infection.

Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in rural Durango, Mexico.

The epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in rural Mexico is largely unknown. The seroepidemiology of T. gondii infection in 439 pregnant women from 9 communities in rural Durango State, Mexico was investigated. Using commercial enzyme-linked immunoassays, sera were tested for T. gondii IgG, IgM, and avidity antibodies. Prevalences of T. gondii IgG antibodies in the communities varied from 0% to 20%. Overall, 36 (8.2%) of the 439 women had IgG T. gondii antibodies. Ten (2.3%) women had also T. gondii IgM antibodies; IgG avidity was high in all IgM-positive women, suggesting chronic infection. None of the women, however, had delivered a known T. gondii-infected child. The seroprevalence was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in women from low socio-economic conditions (14%) than in those with higher socio-economic status (6.6%). Multivariate analysis showed that T. gondii infection was associated with soil floors at home (adjusted OR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.12-7.49). This is the first epidemiological study of T. gondii infection in pregnant women in rural Mexico.

[Malignant neck paraganglioma with a rare localization]. / Paraganglioma maligno cervical de localización atípica.

We report a clinical case of a man with a cervical paraganglioma, originated from ectopic paraganglionic tissue, with metastasis to cervical lymph nodes. We carry out a reviw of the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this type of neoplasm.

Paraganglioma maligno cervical de localización atípica / Malignant neck paraganglioma with a rare location

Aportamos el caso de un varón con un paraganglioma cervical, desarrollado a partir de tejido paragangliónar ectópico, con metástasis a los ganglios cervicales. Realizamos una revisión bibliográfica de los aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos de este tipo de tumores (AU)

We report a clinical case of a man with a cervical paraganglioma, originated from ectopic paraganglionic tissue, with metastasis to cervical lymph nodes. We carry out a reviw of the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this type of neoplasm (AU)

Síndrome de West: factores etiológicos / West syndrome: etiological factors

Introducción: El síndrome de West (SW) se caracteriza por la presencia de espasmos en salvas, trazado electroencefalográfico hipsarrítmico y detención o regresión en el desarrollo psicomotor. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la distribución etiológica del SW en nuestro medio y su evolución en el tiempo. Método: Estudio retrospectivo de 20 niños diagnosticados de SW entre 1993 y 2001. Se analizan las causas y se describen los métodos diagnósticos empleados, tratamiento y evolución. Se comparan los resultados con otro estudio realizado entre 1975 y 1986 en el mismo hospital. Resultados: Relación varón:mujer de 1,5:1. La edad media al comenzar los espasmos fue de 7,4 meses (rango 2-14 meses), con una demora hasta el diagnóstico igual o superior al mes en el 60 por ciento de los casos. Se identificaron 16 casos sintomáticos (11 de origen prenatal, 4 perinatal y 1 postnatal), 3 criptogénicos y 1 idiopático. La hipsarritmia y los espasmos desaparecieron en todos los pacientes, pero en la mitad de los casos sintomáticos persistieron otros tipos de crisis. Se registraron 3 exitus, todos sintomáticos. La proporción de casos sintomáticos fue significativamente mayor en el período 1993-2001 (16/20, 80 por ciento) respecto a 1975-1986 (15/30, 50 por ciento). Conclusiones: Las nuevas tecnologías permiten identificar como sintomáticos una mayor proporción de pacientes con SW. Persiste una importante demora en el diagnóstico por la confusión de los 'espasmos' con otros episodios paroxísticos no epilépticos. Ante la sospecha clínica debe practicarse un electroencefalograma con urgencia para confirmar o descartar hipsarritmia. Las lesiones preexistentes condicionan la evolución de los SW sintomáticos (AU)