[COVID-19 readmissions during the first three epidemic periods in Orihuela, Spain: incidence, risk factors and letality]. / Reingresos por la COVID-19 durante los tres primeros periodos epidémicos en Orihuela, España: incidencia, factores de riesgo y letalidad.

OBJECTIVE: Readmission for COVID-19 is associated with high mortality, saturation of health services, and high costs. This study aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors of readmissions in COVID-19 patients in a regional hospital of Spain from February 2020 to March 2021. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study describing the characteristics of adult patients readmitted within thirty days of discharge after being infected with SARS-CoV-2 was carried out. Readmission associated risk factors were analysed using a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of the 967 patients who survived their first COVID-19 admission, 70 (7.2%) were readmitted within thirty days. Of these, 34.3% presented pneumonia progression, 15.7% functional deterioration, and 12.9% other infections. The mortality rate during readmission was 28.6%. There were no statistically significant differences in the cumulative incidence of readmissions between the epidemic periods (p=0.241). Factors independently associated with readmission were: diabetes mellitus (aOR 1.96, 95%CI 1.07-3.57, p=0.030); acute kidney failure (aOR 2.69, 95%CI 1.43-5.07, p=0.002); not being a candidate for intensive care (aOR 7.68, 95% CI 4.28-13.80, p<0.001); and not being prescribed corticosteroids at discharge (aOR 2.15, 95% CI 1.04-4.44; p=0.039). CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of patients admitted due to COVID-19 are readmitted, and they carry a high letality. Diabetes mellitus, acute kidney failure, not being a candidate for ICU admission, and not being prescribed corticosteroids on discharge are independently associated with an increased risk of readmission.

OBJECTIVE: Los reingresos por la COVID-19 se asocian a un incremento de la mortalidad, saturación de los servicios sanitarios y elevados costes. Este estudio pretendió evaluar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de reingreso en pacientes con COVID-19 en un hospital comarcal español entre febrero de 2020 y marzo de 2021. METHODS: Se realizó un estudio sobre una cohorte que describía las características de los pacientes adultos reingresados en los treinta días siguientes al alta tras un ingreso por la COVID-19. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo asociados a reingreso mediante un modelo de regresión de logística binaria. RESULTS: De los 967 pacientes dados de alta de un primer ingreso por la COVID-19, 70 (7,2%) reingresaron en los treinta días siguientes. De ellos, el 34,3% presentó progresión de la neumonía, el 15,7% deterioro funcional y el 12,9% otras infecciones. La letalidad en el reingreso fue del 28,6%. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la incidencia acumulada de reingreso entre los tres periodos (p=0,241). Los factores asociados de forma independiente con el reingreso fueron: diabetes mellitus (ORa: 1,96; IC 95%:1,07-3,57; p=0,030); insuficiencia renal aguda (ORa 2,69; IC del 95%: 1,43-5,07, p=0,002); no ser candidato a cuidados intensivos (ORa 7,68, IC 95% 4,28-13,80, p<0,001); y no tener prescritos corticosteroides al alta (ORa 2,15, IC 95% 1,04- 4,44; p=0,039). CONCLUSIONS: Una proporción sustancial de los pacientes ingresados por la COVID-19 reingresan, con una elevada letalidad. La diabetes mellitus, la insuficiencia renal aguda, no ser candidato a ingreso en UCI y no tener prescritos corticoides al alta se asocian con un mayor riesgo de reingreso.

Reingresos por la COVID-19 durante los tres primeros periodos epidémicos en Orihuela, España: incidencia, factores de riesgo y letalidad / COVID-19 readmissions during the first three epidemic periods in Orihuela, Spain: incidence, risk factors and letality

Fundamentos: los reingresos por la covid-19 se asocian a un incremento de la mortalidad, saturación de los servicios sanitarios y elevados costes. Este estudio pretendió evaluar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de reingreso en pacientes con covid-19 en un hospital comarcal español entre febrero de 2020 y marzo de 2021.métodos: se realizó un estudio sobre una cohorte que describía las características de los pacientes adultos reingresados en los treinta días siguientes al alta tras un ingreso por la covid-19. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo asociados a reingreso mediante un modelo de regresión de logística binaria.resultados: de los 967 pacientes dados de alta de un primer ingreso por la covid-19, 70 (7,2%) reingresaron en los treinta días siguientes. De ellos, el 34,3% presentó progresión de la neumonía, el 15,7% deterioro funcional y el 12,9% otras infecciones. La letalidad en el reingreso fue del 28,6%. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la incidencia acumulada de reingreso entre los tres periodos (p=0,241). Los factores asociados de forma independiente con el reingreso fueron: diabetes mellitus (ora: 1,96; ic 95%:1,07-3,57; p=0,030); insuficiencia renal aguda (ora 2,69; ic del 95%: 1,43-5,07, p=0,002); no ser candidato a cuidados intensivos (ora 7,68, ic 95% 4,28-13,80, p<0,001); y no tener prescritos corticosteroides al alta (ora 2,15, ic 95% 1,04- 4,44; p=0,039).conclusiones: una proporción sustancial de los pacientes ingresados por la covid-19 reingresan, con una elevada letalidad. La diabetes mellitus, la insuficiencia renal aguda, no ser candidato a ingreso en uci y no tener prescritos corticoides al alta se asocian con un mayor riesgo de reingreso.(AU)

Background: readmission for covid-19 is associated with high mortality, saturation of health services, and high costs. This study aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors of readmissions in covid-19 patients in a regional hospital of spain from february 2020 to march 2021.methods: a retrospective cohort study describing the characteristics of adult patients readmitted within thirty days of discharge after being infected with sars-cov-2 was carried out. Readmission associated risk factors were analysed using a binary logistic regression model.results: of the 967 patients who survived their first covid-19 admission, 70 (7.2%) were readmitted within thirty days. Of these, 34.3% presented pneumonia progression, 15.7% functional deterioration, and 12.9% other infections. The mortality rate during read-mission was 28.6%. There were no statistically significant differences in the cumulative incidence of readmissions between the epide-mic periods (p=0.241). Factors independently associated with readmission were: diabetes mellitus (aor 1.96, 95%ci 1.07-3.57, p=0.030); acute kidney failure (aor 2.69, 95%ci 1.43-5.07, p=0.002); not being a candidate for intensive care (aor 7.68, 95% ci 4.28-13.80, p<0.001); and not being prescribed corticosteroids at discharge (aor 2.15, 95% ci 1.04-4.44; p=0.039).conclusions: a substantial proportion of patients admitted due to covid-19 are readmitted, and they carry a high letality. Dia-betes mellitus, acute kidney failure, not being a candidate for icu admission, and not being prescribed corticosteroids on discharge are independently associated with an increased risk of readmission.(AU)

DIDO is necessary for the adipogenesis that promotes diet-induced obesity.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to rise in the population worldwide. Because it is an important predisposing factor for cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and COVID-19, obesity reduces life expectancy. Adipose tissue (AT), the main fat storage organ with endocrine capacity, plays fundamental roles in systemic metabolism and obesity-related diseases. Dysfunctional AT can induce excess or reduced body fat (lipodystrophy). Dido1 is a marker gene for stemness; gene-targeting experiments compromised several functions ranging from cell division to embryonic stem cell differentiation, both in vivo and in vitro. We report that mutant mice lacking the DIDO N terminus show a lean phenotype. This consists of reduced AT and hypolipidemia, even when mice are fed a high-nutrient diet. DIDO mutation caused hypothermia due to lipoatrophy of white adipose tissue (WAT) and dermal fat thinning. Deep sequencing of the epididymal white fat (Epi WAT) transcriptome supported Dido1 control of the cellular lipid metabolic process. We found that, by controlling the expression of transcription factors such as C/EBPα or PPARγ, Dido1 is necessary for adipocyte differentiation, and that restoring their expression reestablished adipogenesis capacity in Dido1 mutants. Our model differs from other lipodystrophic mice and could constitute a new system for the development of therapeutic intervention in obesity.

A retrospective real-world study of early short-course remdesivir in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients at high risk for progression: low rate of hospitalization or death, regardless of immunocompetence status.

Introduction: The evidence for remdesivir therapy in immunocompromised patients is scarce. To evaluate remdesivir (RDV) effectiveness and safety in COVID-19 outpatients at high risk for progression in a real-world setting, we compare the outcome in immunocompromised (IC) patients with that in non-immunocompromised patients. Methods: Two hospitals conducted a retrospective study of all adult patients with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection at high risk for disease progression who were treated as outpatients with a 3-day course of RDV (1st January-30th September 2022). The primary effectiveness endpoint was a composite of any cause of hospitalization or death by day 30. A multiple logistic regression model was built to explore the association between immune status and clinical outcome, estimating adjusted odds ratios [aORs (95% CI)]. Results: We have included 211 patients, of which 57% were males, with a median age of 65 years (IQR 53-77), 70.1% were vaccinated (three or four doses), and 61.1% were IC. The median duration of symptoms before RDV treatment was 3 days (IQR 2-5). During follow-up, 14 (6.6%) patients were hospitalized, of which 6 (2.8%) were hospitalized for COVID-19 progression. No patient required mechanical ventilation, and two patients died (non-COVID-19-related). After accounting for potential confounders, only anti-CD20 treatment was associated with the composed outcome [aOR 5.35 (1.02-27.5, 95% CI)], whereas the immunocompetence status was not [aOR 1.94 (0.49-7.81, 95% CI)]. Conclusion: Early COVID-19 outpatient treatment with a 3-day course of remdesivir in vaccinated patients at high risk for disease progression during the Omicron surge had a good safety profile. It was associated with a low rate of all-cause hospitalization or death, regardless of immunocompetence status.

Prognostic value of defining characteristics in frail elderly syndrome: Hospital readmission and mortality outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the most relevant clinical characteristics of the nursing diagnosis frail elderly syndrome (FES) in hospitalized patients aged 65 or older and analyze their impact on 9-month mortality and hospital readmission. METHODS: A prospective and prognostic accuracy study was conducted in patients aged 65 or older, who were admitted to hospital more than 24 h. A consecutive convenience sampling process was used. Assessment included defining characteristics (DCs) of FES, clinical fraility scale (CFS), frail scale (FS), and 9-month mortality and hospital readmission. Statistical tests were used to verify associations between variables. Binary logistic regression analysis and area under the curve were used, to identify significant predictors for the outcomes and evaluate the prognostic accuracy of the DCs. FINDINGS: This study involved 150 patients. CFS scored 65 patients (43.3%, confidence interval 95% 35.2% a 51.6) as frail and proved a prognostic value of mortality at 9 month from pre-frail state (p = 0.020). The mean number of DCs for FES nursing diagnosis was 6.35 (SD = 3.14). Validated tools for measuring frailty were associated with all DCs, excepting nutritional imbalance: below body needs. The hospital readmission during the following 9 months was only statistically related to memory impairment (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION: Clinical frailty scale showed good results as a predictor of mortality. The study suggests exploring including it, in clinical manifestations of elderly frail syndrome. This study found that only memory impairment defining characteristic was predictive of hospital readmission. Further research should identify other relevant and prognostic clinical manifestations. IMPLICATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE: These findings highlight the importance of being vigilant on cognitive decline during hospital admissions. The most prevalent and determinant DCs identified in this study indicate that clinical should focus on preserving functional and mental abilities as well as mobility.

Adverse effects of dorsogluteal intramuscular injection versus ventrogluteal intramuscular injection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: To determine adverse effects of ventrogluteal intramuscular injections versus dorsogluteal intramuscular injections. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, CENTRAL, LILACS(BVS), BDENF (BVS), WoS, IRCTP(WHO), ClinicalsTrials.gov and PROSPERO databases were searched with no restriction on year or language. Preferred Reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. RESULTS: A total of 1429 participants from 17 studies were included. The meta-analysis found that ventrogluteal injection site had significant relation to lower pain in 9 studies (SMD = -0.63, 95% CI = -0.87, -0.39), bleeding in 4 studies (SMD = -3.46, 95% CI = -6.07, -0.86) and hematoma in 2 studies; after 48 h (SMD = -0.25, 95% CI = -0.39, -0.11), and after 72 h (SMD = -0.16, 95% CI = -0.26, -0.06), if it was compared with dorsogluteal site injection. No differences were found when comparing the possibility of intramuscular injections given into de subcutaneous tissue. In three studies, ventrogluteal site did not significantly reduce the risk of subcutaneous injection (OR 0,62, 95% CI = 0.16, 2.41).

Role of previous systemic antibiotic therapy on the probability of recurrence after an initial episode of Clostridioides difficile infection treated with vancomycin.

Objectives: To investigate the role of previous antibiotic therapy in the risk of recurrence after a Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) treated with vancomycin. Methods: Multicentre observational study. Patients with a CDI episode achieving clinical cure with oral vancomycin and followed up 8 weeks were included. Previous antibiotic exposure up to 90 days was collected. Multivariate analysis of predictors of recurrence adjusted by the propensity score (PS) of being previously treated with each non-CDI antibiotic was performed. Results: Two hundred and forty-one patients were included; 216 (90%) had received systemic antibiotics. Fifty-three patients (22%) had a CDI recurrence. Rates of recurrence were lower in those treated with piperacillin/tazobactam in the last month when compared with those not receiving piperacillin/tazobactam [3 (7%) versus 50 (25%); P = 0.01], whereas higher rates were seen in those treated with cephalosporins in the last month [26/87 (30%) versus 27/154 (17%); P = 0.03]. In multivariate analysis controlled by the inverse probability of treatment weighting by PS, receiving ≥5 days of piperacillin/tazobactam in the last month as the last antibiotic regimen prior to CDI was independently associated with a lower risk of recurrence [adjusted OR (AOR) 0.13; 95% CI: 0.06-0.29; P < 0.0001] whereas exposure for ≥5 days to cephalosporins (versus piperacillin/tazobactam) was associated with an increased risk (AOR 10.9; 95% CI: 4.4-27.1; P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Recent use of piperacillin/tazobactam might be associated with a lower risk of CDI recurrence, while recent use of cephalosporins might promote an increased risk. These findings should be considered when treating hospitalized patients.

The relationship between negative symptoms, social cognition, and social functioning in patients with first episode psychosis.

INTRODUCTION: Social functioning is severely affected in psychotic disorders. Negative symptoms and social cognition seem to play an important role in social functioning, although the preponderance and relationship between these three domains is not clear. In this study, we sought to assess the interrelation between social cognition, social functioning, and the expressiveness and experiential factors of negative symptoms in first-episode psychosis (FEP). SAMPLE AND METHODS: 216 patients, participants in a multicentre study (AGES-CM), comprised our study sample. The WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) was used to assess functioning, whereas the Positive and Negative Schizophrenia Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to measure the severity of negative symptoms, and the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) was applied to assess the emotional processing component of social cognition. Network analyses were conducted with the aim of analysing the patterns of relationships between social cognition, social functioning, and the expressiveness and experiential factors of negative symptoms. RESULTS: Our findings suggest that there is a direct relationship between social cognition and social functioning (weight = -.077), but also an indirect connection between them, mediated by the experiential (but not the expressiveness) factor of negative symptoms (weight = 0.300). DISCUSSION: The importance of the affectation of subdomains of social cognition, as well as the role of negative symptoms, specifically the experiential factor, in the functioning of patients with FEP seems to be relevant. The inclusion of these factors in prevention and treatment programs would thus allow us to reduce their impact on the social functioning of these patients.

Behavior of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ewe milk stored at different temperatures and during the manufacture and ripening of a raw milk sheep cheese (Zamorano style).

This study was conducted to assess the survival of 2 wild Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains (one serotype O157:H7 and one non-O157:H7) in ewe milk stored at different conditions and to examine the fate of the O157 strain during the manufacture and ripening of a Spanish sheep hard variety of raw milk cheese (Zamorano). The strains were selected among a population of 50 isolates, which we obtained from ewe milk, because of their high resistance to 0.3% lactic acid. Both strains were inoculated (approximately 2 log10 cfu/mL) in raw and heat-treated (low-temperature holding, LTH; 63°C/30 min) ewe milk and stored for 5 d at 6, 8, and 10°C and also according to a simulation approach for assessing the effects of failures in the cold chain. The minimum growth temperature for the O157:H7 strain in LTH and raw ewe milk was 8°C. For the non-O157:H7 strain, the lowest temperature showing bacterial growth in LTH ewe milk was 6°C, but it did not grow at any of the tested conditions in raw milk. It appears that the O157 strain was more susceptible to cold stress but was likely a better competitor than the non-O157 strain against the milk autochthonous microbiota. For manufacture of Zamorano cheese, raw milk was inoculated with approximately 3 log10 cfu/mL, and after 2 mo of ripening at 10 to 12°C, the cheeses showed the expected general characteristics for this variety. The O157:H7 strain increased 0.9 log10 cfu/g after whey drainage and during ripening and storage decreased by 2.9 log10 cfu/g. Nevertheless, its detectable level (estimated at 6.2 cfu/g) after 2 mo of ripening suggests that Zamorano cheese manufactured from raw ewe milk contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 could represent a public health concern.

Medios de comunicación y criterios relacionados con el afrontamiento a la COVID-19 en jóvenes y adultos güineros / Communication media and criteria related to coping with COVID-19 in adults and young people from Güines Municipality

RESUMEN Introducción: En la búsqueda y procesamiento de la información, así como en el afrontamiento a la COVID-19, son determinantes los medios de comunicación y los criterios acerca de dicha enfermedad. Objetivo: Identificar los medios de comunicación utilizados para informarse sobre la pandemia y los criterios relacionados con su afrontamiento. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva en el mes de mayo de 2020 con jóvenes y adultos de un consultorio de Güines. Los métodos utilizados para obtener la información fueron la observación participante, la encuesta y los grupos focales. Resultados: El medio fundamental por el cual se informaba el grupo de jóvenes era la Internet y los adultos a través de la televisión. Los jóvenes consideraron mayoritariamente que la COVID-19 es medianamente peligrosa y son poco susceptibles de contraerla. Los adultos la consideraron muy peligrosa y contagiosa. La medida que creyeron más eficaz fue el uso del nasobuco. Solamente la minoría de los jóvenes valoró la eficacia del distanciamiento físico. Se constata que la mayoría de los sujetos no respetaban las normas de distanciamiento físico y, aunque es obligatorio el uso del nasobuco, varios jóvenes lo hacían de forma incorrecta. La responsabilidad fundamental para evitar el contagio fue atribuida a las autoridades gubernamentales. Conclusiones: Los medios de comunicación desempeñan un papel crucial en la obtención de información sobre COVID-19, prevalece el uso de la televisión y se evidencia que los jóvenes consideran la enfermedad poco peligrosa a diferencia de los adultos que se sienten más amenazados y asumen la responsabilidad individual.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In information search and processing, as well as in coping with COVID-19, communication media and the criteria about the disease are determinant. Objective: To identify the communication media used to obtain information about the pandemic and the criteria related to coping with it. Methods: A descriptive research was carried out in May 2020 with young people and adults belonging to a family medical office in Güines Municipality, Mayabeque Province, Cuba. The methods used to obtain information were participant observation, survey and focus groups. Results: The main communication media through which the youth group obtained information was the Internet, while the adults did so mainly through television. The young mostly considered COVID-19 to be moderately dangerous and that they are not very susceptible to infection with it. The adults considered it very dangerous and contagious. The measure they believed to be most effective was wearing a face mask. Only a minority of the young assessed the effectiveness of physical distancing. Most of the individuals were found not to respect the rules of physical distancing and, although wearing a face mask is mandatory, several young people did it incorrectly. The main responsibility for avoiding contagion was attributed to government authorities. Conclusions: Communication media play a crucial role in obtaining information about COVID-19; the use of television prevails and the young clearly consider the disease not very dangerous, unlike adults, who feel more threatened and assume individual responsibility.

La orientación educativa del docente de ciencias médicas ante la covid-19 / The educational guiding of the medical science teacher to covid-19

RESUMEN Introducción: la orientación educativa, desde la relación profesor-alumno, es esencial para el tránsito del joven por los estudios superiores; requiere atención especial en el período de enfrentamiento a la covid-19 y es fundamental para el estudiante de ciencias médicas. Objetivo: identificar la percepción de la función orientadora del docente ante la covid-19 en estudiantes de ciencias médicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en el período comprendido entre abril y octubre de 2020. El universo de trabajo estuvo representado por 18 estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Medicina, de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Mayabeque, que realizan la pesquisa en una comunidad perteneciente al Policlínico Docente Dr. Luis Li Trigent. Se analizaron datos como la existencia del profesor como orientador, áreas de la orientación educativa, problemas de los estudiantes y valoración de la comunicación empática profesor-estudiante. Resultados: los estudiantes reconocen la existencia del profesor como orientador. El área de orientación educativa de mayor incidencia en que se expresó la función orientadora del profesor fue la académica. Los problemas predominantes identificados por los estudiantes están relacionados con el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Existió una valoración positiva de la comunicación empática profesor-estudiante. Conclusiones: la relación profesor-alumno se hace más relevante durante la pandemia de covid-19. El estudiante de Medicina enfrenta nuevas condiciones en el proceso docente-educativo y demanda la orientación del docente (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: educational orientation, from the teacher-student relationship, is essential for the transit of the youth through higher education; it requires special attention in the period of confrontation with covid-19 and is essential for the student of medical sciences. Objective: to identify the perception of the teacher's guiding function in facing covid-19 in medical sciences students. Materials and methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in the period between April and October 2020. The universe of work was represented by 18 first-year students of the Medical pregraduate course, from the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Mayabeque, who carry out the research in a community belonging to the Teaching Polyclinic Dr. Luis Li Trigent. The existence of the teacher as a counselor, areas of educational orientation, student problems and assessment of empathic teacher-student communication were among the analyzed data. Results: the students recognize the teacher's existence as a counselor. The area of educational guidance with the highest incidence in which the teacher's guiding role was expressed was the academic one. The predominant problems identified by students are related to the teaching-learning process. There was a positive assessment of empathic teacher-student communication. Conclusions: the teacher-student relationship becomes more relevant during the covid-19 pandemic. The medical student faces new conditions in the teaching-educational process and demands the guidance of the teacher (AU).

Situación ponderal de la población escolar de 6 a 9 años en España: resultados del estudio ALADINO 2019 / Weight status in the 6- to 9-year-old school population in Spain: results of the ALADINO 2019 Study

Introducción: la obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública cuya prevalencia no ha dejado de crecer en las últimas décadas. Objetivo: describir la situación ponderal de los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España en 2019, y sus factores asociados. Métodos: ALADINO es un estudio transversal en escolares de 6 a 9 años, representativo de la población española, aplicando la metodología de la Child Obesity Surveillance Initative de la Oficina Regional para Europa de la OMS. Se midieron el peso, la talla y el perímetro abdominal de los participantes, definiendo la situación ponderal según diferentes estándares (OMS, IOTF y Orbegozo). Se pasó a los progenitores un cuestionario sobre estilo de vida y características sociodemográficas. Resultados: se midieron 16.665 escolares de 276 colegios. El 40,6 % presentaban exceso de peso -23,3 % sobrepeso y 17,3 % obesidad- , siendo la obesidad más prevalente en los niños y el sobrepeso en las niñas, y aumentando ambos con la edad. La prevalencia de la obesidad abdominal era del 22,6 %. El exceso de peso disminuyó 3,9 puntos porcentuales desde 2011, principalmente el sobrepeso de los niños. La obesidad permaneció estable. El exceso de peso fue más prevalente en los escolares con hábitos menos saludables de alimentación y actividad física, y en las familias con menor nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del exceso de peso es elevada, aunque ha descendido desde 2011 y permanece estable desde 2015 entre los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España, debiéndose esta reducción fundamentalmente al descenso del sobrepeso en los niños. Es necesario seguir fomentando hábitos saludables desde las etapas más tempranas, reduciendo las desigualdades en salud. (AU)

Introduction: childhood obesity is a public health problem whose prevalence has grown steadily in recent decades. Objective: to describe the weight status of schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years in Spain in 2019, and their associated factors. Methods: ALADINO is a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years, representative of the Spanish population, and aligned with the Child Obesity Surveillance Initative of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Participants’ weight, height, and abdominal circumference were measured, defining weight status according to different standards (WHO, IOTF, and Orbegozo). A questionnaire on lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics was administered to parents. Results: a total of 16,665 schoolchildren from 276 schools were measured. Excess weight was observed in 40.6 %: 23.3 % overweight and 17.3 % obesity, with obesity being more prevalent in boys and overweight in girls, both increasing with age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 22.6 %. Excess weight decreased by 3.9 percentage points since 2011, mainly due to overweight in boys. Obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren with less healthy eating and physical activity habits, and in families with a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: the prevalence of excess weight is high, although it has declined since 2011 and remains stable since 2015 among schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain, this reduction being mainly due to a decrease in overweight in children. It is necessary to continue promoting healthy habits from the earliest stages of life, thus reducing health inequalities. (AU)

Community-based screening of Chagas disease among Latin American migrants in a non-endemic country: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Chagas disease is a parasitic disease endemic to Latin America, but it has become a disease of global concern due to migration flows. Asymptomatic carriers may host the parasite for years, without knowing they are infected. The aim of this study is to assess prevalence of Chagas disease and evaluate the participants' level of knowledge between Latin American migrants attending a community-based screening campaign. METHODS: Three community-based campaigns were performed in Alicante (Spain) in 2016, 2017 and 2018, including educational chats and blood tests for Trypanosoma cruzi serology. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing knowledge about the mechanisms of transmission, disease presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. People seropositive for T. cruzi underwent diagnostic confirmation by two different tests. Results were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression and expressed as adjusted odds ratios (aORs), adjusting for age, sex, and time in Spain. RESULTS: A total of 596 participants were included in the study; 17% were aged under 18 years. Prevalence in adults was 11% [54/496; 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.3-14.5%] versus 0% among children. All but one case were in Bolivians. Diagnosis was independently associated with having been born in Bolivia (aOR: 102, 95% CI: 13-781) and a primary school-level education (aOR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.14-5.06). Of 54 people diagnosed with Chagas disease (most of whom were asymptomatic), 42 (77.7%) returned to the clinic at least once, and 24 (44.4%) received treatment. Multivariable analysis showed that coming from Argentina (aOR: 13, 95% CI: 1.61-1188) or Bolivia (aOR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.19-3.39) and having received information about Chagas disease in Spain (aOR: 4.63, 95% CI: 2.54-8.97) were associated with a good level of knowledge on the disease. Having primary level studies (aOR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.34-0.98) and coming from Ecuador (aOR: 4.63, 95% CI: 2.52-847) were independently associated with a lower level of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Community-based interventions are a good strategy for diagnosing neglected diseases such as Chagas disease in non-endemic countries and for identifying and treating infected, asymptomatic individuals.

[Weight status in the 6- to 9-year-old school population in Spain: results of the ALADINO 2019 Study]. / Situación ponderal de la población escolar de 6 a 9 años en España: resultados del estudio ALADINO 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: childhood obesity is a public health problem whose prevalence has grown steadily in recent decades. Objective: to describe the weight status of schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years in Spain in 2019, and their associated factors. Methods: ALADINO is a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years, representative of the Spanish population, and aligned with the Child Obesity Surveillance Initative of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Participants' weight, height, and abdominal circumference were measured, defining weight status according to different standards (WHO, IOTF, and Orbegozo). A questionnaire on lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics was administered to parents. Results: a total of 16,665 schoolchildren from 276 schools were measured. Excess weight was observed in 40.6 %: 23.3 % overweight and 17.3 % obesity, with obesity being more prevalent in boys and overweight in girls, both increasing with age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 22.6 %. Excess weight decreased by 3.9 percentage points since 2011, mainly due to overweight in boys. Obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren with less healthy eating and physical activity habits, and in families with a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: the prevalence of excess weight is high, although it has declined since 2011 and remains stable since 2015 among schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain, this reduction being mainly due to a decrease in overweight in children. It is necessary to continue promoting healthy habits from the earliest stages of life, thus reducing health inequalities.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública cuya prevalencia no ha dejado de crecer en las últimas décadas. Objetivo: describir la situación ponderal de los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España en 2019, y sus factores asociados. Métodos: ALADINO es un estudio transversal en escolares de 6 a 9 años, representativo de la población española, aplicando la metodología de la Child Obesity Surveillance Initative de la Oficina Regional para Europa de la OMS. Se midieron el peso, la talla y el perímetro abdominal de los participantes, definiendo la situación ponderal según diferentes estándares (OMS, IOTF y Orbegozo). Se pasó a los progenitores un cuestionario sobre estilo de vida y características sociodemográficas. Resultados: se midieron 16.665 escolares de 276 colegios. El 40,6 % presentaban exceso de peso ­23,3 % sobrepeso y 17,3 % obesidad­, siendo la obesidad más prevalente en los niños y el sobrepeso en las niñas, y aumentando ambos con la edad. La prevalencia de la obesidad abdominal era del 22,6 %. El exceso de peso disminuyó 3,9 puntos porcentuales desde 2011, principalmente el sobrepeso de los niños. La obesidad permaneció estable. El exceso de peso fue más prevalente en los escolares con hábitos menos saludables de alimentación y actividad física, y en las familias con menor nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del exceso de peso es elevada, aunque ha descendido desde 2011 y permanece estable desde 2015 entre los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España, debiéndose esta reducción fundamentalmente al descenso del sobrepeso en los niños. Es necesario seguir fomentando hábitos saludables desde las etapas más tempranas, reduciendo las desigualdades en salud.

The interoperability between the Spanish version of the International Classification of Diseases and ORPHAcodes: towards better identification of rare diseases.

BACKGROUND: Rare diseases present a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and severity levels and are often poorly known and underrepresented, making them difficult to classify. Diagnoses are usually coded using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), with its different versions. In Spain, the ICD-10-ES (stem from the ICD-10-CM-Clinical Modification) is used throughout the National Healthcare System since 2016, indistinctively including rare diseases that often lack a specific code. Orphanet aims to provide high-quality resources on rare diseases. The goal was to interrelate the Orphanet classification with the ICD-10-ES in order to engage a tool to track rare diseases diagnosis and characterize the improvement space for the identification of rare diseases patients in the Spanish Healthcare System. METHODS: 5775 disorder level ORPHAcodes were mapped to ICD-10-ES codes by comparing the descriptors associated in both classifications. ORPHAcodes were then clustered based on their assigned ICD-10-ES chapter and the redundancy of each individual ICD-10-ES code was calculated by counting the ORPHAcodes they mapped to. Three groups were established: Group 1 (1 ORPHAcode per ICD-10-ES), Group 2 (between 2-49 ORPHAcodes per ICD-10-ES) and Group 3 (≥ 50 ORPHAcodes per ICD-10-ES). RESULTS: Equivalences to 1700 ICD-10-ES codes were established for 5664 ORPHAcodes. The ORPHAcodes distribution within the ICD-10-ES showed an aggregation in the "Q" (> 40%), "G" (> 14%), and "E" (12%) chapters. The availability of ICD-10-ES codes to map ORPHAcodes reached its lowest at the "G" and "Q" chapters with less than 0.2 ICD-10-ES codes available per ORPHAcode. Global ICD-10-ES codes redundancy analysis revealed that only 1055 of the equivalences pertain to group 1. Group 2 contained 3358 equivalences with 634 ICD-10-ES codes while 1322 equivalences were group 3 (11 ICD-10-ES). Within ICD-10-ES chapters, "G" and "Q" contained over 30% and 45% of their own equivalences in the highest redundancy level (group 3) respectively, but under 10% one to one equivalences each (group 1). CONCLUSIONS: ICD-10-ES codes have not enough specificity to identify rare diseases. Direct mapping between ICD and ORPHAcodes or the integration of ORPHAcodes at the healthcare system for diagnoses codification would enable better detection and epidemiological analysis of rare diseases.

Co-ordination between xylem anatomy, plant architecture and leaf functional traits in response to abiotic and biotic drivers in a nurse cushion plant.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plants in dry Mediterranean mountains experience a double climatic stress: at low elevations, high temperatures coincide with water shortage during summer, while at high elevations temperature decreases and water availability increases. Cushion plants often act as nurses by improving the microclimate underneath their canopies, hosting beneficiary species that may reciprocally modify their benefactors' microenvironment. We assess how the nurse cushion plant Arenaria tetraquetra subsp. amabilis adjusts its hydraulic system to face these complex abiotic and biotic constraints. METHODS: We evaluated intra-specific variation and co-ordination of stem xylem anatomy, leaf functional traits and plant architecture in response to elevation, aspect and the presence of beneficiary species in four A. tetraquetra subsp. amabilis populations in the Sierra Nevada mountains, southern Spain. KEY RESULTS: Xylem anatomical and plant architectural traits were the most responsive to environmental conditions, showing the highest mutual co-ordination. Cushions were more compact and had smaller, more isolated conductive vessels in the southern than in the northern aspect, which allow minimization of the negative impacts of more intense drought. Only vessel size, leaf mass per area and terminal branch length varied with elevation. Nurse cushions co-ordinated plant architecture and xylem traits, having higher canopy compactness, fewer leaves per branch and fewer, more isolated vessels than non-nurse cushions, which reflects the negative effects of beneficiary plants on nurse water status. In non-nurse cushions, plant architecture co-ordinated with leaf traits instead. The interacting effects of aspect and elevation on xylem traits showed that stress due to frost at high elevation constrained xylem anatomy in the north, whereas stress due to drought had a parallel effect in the south. CONCLUSIONS: Trait co-ordination was weaker under more demanding environmental conditions, which agrees with the hypothesis that trait independence allows plants to better optimize different functions, probably entailing higher adjustment potential against future environmental changes.

Ampicillin Plus Ceftriaxone Combined Therapy for Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis in OPAT.

Ampicillin plus ceftriaxone (AC) is a well-recognized inpatient regimen for Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis (IE). In this regimen, ceftriaxone is usually administered 2 g every 2 h (AC12). The administration of AC in outpatient parenteral antibiotic treatment (OPAT) programs is challenging because multiple daily doses are required. AC regimens useful for OPAT programs include once-daily high-dose administration of ceftriaxone (AC24) or AC co-diluted and jointly administered in bolus every 4 h (ACjoined). In this retrospective analysis of prospectively collected cases, we aimed to assess the clinical effectivity and safety of three AC regimens for the treatment of E. faecalis IE. Fifty-nine patients were treated with AC combinations (AC12 n = 32, AC24 n = 17, and ACjoined n = 10). Six relapses occurred in the whole cohort: five (29.4%) treated with AC24 regimen and one (10.0%) with ACjoined. Patients were cured in 30 (93.3%), 16 (94.1%), and eight (80.0%) cases in the AC12, AC24 and ACjoined groups, respectively. Unplanned readmission occurred in eight (25.0%), six (35.3%), and two (20.0%) patients in the AC12, AC24 and ACjoined groups, respectively. The outcome of patients with E. faecalis IE treated with AC in OPAT programs relies on an optimization of the delivery of the combination. AC24 exhibit an unexpected rate of failures, however, ACjoined might be an effective alternative which clinical results should corroborate in further studies.

[Wilson's disease in Spain: validation of sources of information used by the Rare Diseases Registries]. / Enfermedad de Wilson en España: validación de fuentes utilizadas por los Registros de Enfermedades Raras.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sources of information used by the Regional Population-based Registries of Rare Diseases (RRD) for Wilson's Disease identification in Spain; to calculate its prevalence and mortality; and to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of those affected. METHOD: Cross-sectional epidemiological study, period 2010-2015. Possible cases were identified by codes 275.1 (ICD-9-CM), E83.0 (ICD-10) and 905 (ORPHAcode) in: 15 participating RRD and the Rare Disease Patients Registry of the Carlos III Health Institute. The diagnoses were confirmed through a clinical documentation review. The positive predictive value (PPV) of the sources of information used by RRD and their combinations were obtained. The prevalence, mortality and the distribution of sociodemographic characteristics were calculated. RESULTS: The Hospital Discharge Database (HDD) was the most used source by the RRD (PPV=39.4%), followed by the Orphan Drugs Registry (ODR) (PPV=81.9%). The Clinical History of Primary Care (PC) obtains PPV=55.9%. The combinations with highest PPV were the ODR with HDD (PPV=95.8%) and the ODR with PC (PPV=92.9%). 514 cases were confirmed, 57.2% men, with a median age of diagnosis of 21.3 years. The prevalence was 1.64/100,000 inhabitants in 2015 and mortality rate was 3.0%, being both higher in men. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporation of ODR and PC into the RRD is recommended, as its combination and ODR with HDD could be used as an automatic validation criterion for Wilson's disease. The prevalence obtained was similar to that of countries close to Spain.

Effect of Cultivar Resistance and Soil Management on Spatial-Temporal Development of Verticillium Wilt of Olive: A Long-Term Study.

Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, challenges olive cultivation and an Integrated Disease Management (IDM) approach is the best-suited tool to combat it. Since 1998, an IDM strategy in an orchard (called Granon, Spain) of the susceptible cv. Picual was conducted by increasing planting density with moderately resistant cv. Frantoio, chemical weed control, and replanting of dead olives with cv. Frantoio following soil solarization. The Verticillium wilt epidemic in Granon orchard was compared to the epidemic in a non-IDM orchard (called Ancla, Spain) with plowed soil and dead Picual olives replanted with the same cultivar. Field evaluations (2012-2013) showed an incidence and severity of the disease as Picual-Ancla > Picual-Granon > Frantoio-Granon. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the Verticillium epidemics from 1998 to 2010 were monitored with digital images using SIG. The annual tree mortalities were 5.6% for Picual olives in Ancla orchard, and 3.1 and 0.7% for Picual and Frantoio olives in Granon orchard, respectively. There was a negative relationship between the mortality of olive trees (%) by the pathogen and the height (m) above sea level. The annual mortality of cv. Picual olives was positively correlated with spring rainfalls. The Index of Dispersion and beta-binomial distribution showed aggregation of Verticillium-dead olives. In conclusion, this IDM strategy considerably reduced the disease in comparison with traditional agronomic practices.

First Report of Colletotrichum karstii Causing Fruit Anthracnose of Carissa grandiflora in Spain.

The species Carissa grandiflora A. DC., commonly called Natal plum, is a shrub native to the coastal region of Natal, South Africa. In southern Spain, Natal plum is used as an ornamental plant due to its beautiful flowers and red ripen fruits. In March 2019 and 2020, we surveyed nine public gardens in the cities of Cadiz and Sanlucar de Barrameda (Andalusia, Spain); and Natal plum fruit showing anthracnose symptoms were observed in six (55% prevalence) of them. Affected fruits showed necrotic and circular lesions with acervuli in the center (Fig. 1a) causing the complete mummification of the fruit (Fig. 1b). Affected fruits were collected from four gardens and disinfested according to Moral et al. (2010). Six fungal isolates were recovered from small (3-4 × 1-2 mm) pieces of the affected fruits in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), and hyphal tips from them were transferred to fresh PDA to obtain pure cultures. The six isolates were initially identified as Colletotrichum karstii according to their morphology and the sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) region (Damm et al. 2012). The six Colletotrichum isolates showed similar colony morphology and their ITS sequences were identical. Overall, C. karstii isolates showed cylindrical and straight conidia that were 12.1 to 14.2 µm long and 4.9 to 5.6 µm wide (n = 50). The aerial mycelia of the fungus varied from grayish-white to dark gray. A multilocus approach was conducted for more precise identification of the Colletotrichum species. For that, ITS, beta-tubulin (TUB2), actin (ACT), partial sequences of the chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1), histone 3 (HIS3), and a 200-bp intron fragment of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of a representative isolate (FITP19001) were amplified and sequenced according to Damm et al. (2012). GenBank Accession Nos. for ITS, TUB2, ACT, CHS-1, HIS3 and GADPH: MT757643, MT759805, MT759806, MT759807, MT759808 and MT759809, respectively. Sequences showed 100% identity with homologous sequences belonging to C. karstii (GenBank taxid:1095194). To test Koch's postulates, 10 unripen and 10 ripen C. grandiflora fruits, harvested from asymptomatic plants, were inoculated. For each group, five fruits were inoculated using a drop of 10 µl of 5 × 104 conidia per ml suspension of C. karstii (FITP19001) and another five fruits were inoculated using a mycelial plug of the same isolate. Inoculated fruits were incubated in a humid chamber at room temperature (19-24ºC) under light for two weeks. Non-inoculated control fruits were treated with sterile water or a PDA plug and incubated under the same conditions. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice. After 10 days, typical anthracnose symptoms developed on both unripen and ripen inoculated fruits, but not on non-inoculated controls. Overall, the severity of anthracnose lesions was higher on ripen fruits than in the unripen fruits. Likewise, the severity of symptoms was higher on the fruits inoculated using a mycelial plug than on those fruits inoculated with a spore suspension. The species C. karstii was reisolated from lesions of all inoculated fruits as described above but not from non-inoculated fruits. The species C. karstii has been described affecting numerous species worldwide (Damm et al., 2012). Previously, C. gloeosporioides was reported causing fruit anthracnose of Natal plum in Florida (Alfieri et al., 1984). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. karstii causing anthracnose on the fruit of Natal plum in Spain and worldwide.