Young Athletes' Perceptions of Coach Behaviors and Their Implications on Their Well- and Ill-Being Over Time.

Grounded on basic psychological needs theory the purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to test the mediational role of basic psychological needs (satisfaction and thwarting), and (b) to test the model invariance over 2 consecutive seasons. Three hundred sixty young male athletes completed a questionnaire package tapping the variables of interest at 4 time points during 2 consecutive seasons. Results of the path analyses revealed that in both seasons, changes in perceived coach autonomy supportive style positively predicted changes in needs satisfaction which, in turn, positively predicted changes in self-esteem; changes in perceived coach autonomy supportive and controlling style negatively and positively, respectively, predicted changes in needs thwarting which, in turn, positively predicted changes in burnout and negatively in self-esteem. Only in the first season, changes in needs satisfaction emerged as a negative predictor of changes in burnout. The mediational role of basic psychological needs and the invariance of the aforementioned relationships over the 2 seasons were supported. Results emphasize the importance of having coaches promoting autonomy supportive atmospheres and avoiding controlling styles to facilitate athletes' well-being and to prevent their ill-being.

Apoyo a la autonomía, satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas y bienestar: Invarianza de un modelo estructural en futbolistas y bailarines / Perfis de rendimento de selecções ganhadoras e perdedoras no mundial de futebol da áfrica do sul 2010 / Autonomy support, psychological needs satisfaction and well-being: invariance of a structural model in soccer players and dancers

La teoría de las necesidades psicológicas básicas (Deci y Ryan, 2000) defiende que en los contextos sociales en los que se apoya la autonomía se promueve el bienestar a través de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas. En base a este marco teórico, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue triple: primero, poner a prueba un modelo en el que se analizaba la secuencia: percepción del apoyo a la autonomía ofrecido por el profesor/entrenador - satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas - bienestar; segundo, examinar el papel mediador de las necesidades, y tercero, estudiar la invarianza del modelo entre dos poblaciones. Participaron 197 bailarines (Medad = 18.65 ± 3.74) y 434 futbolistas (Medad = 13.90 ± 0.66) que respondieron a las variables de interés. Los resultados del SEM mostraron que la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía predecía positivamente la satisfacción de las necesidades de competencia, autonomía y relación de los bailarines y los futbolistas, lo que a su vez predecía positivamente su vitalidad subjetiva y sus afectos positivos; los análisis de la mediación mostraron que la satisfacción de las tres necesidades medió de forma total la relación entre la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía y ambos indicadores de bienestar. Finalmente, los análisis multi-grupo revelaron la invarianza de las relaciones hipotetizadas entre los bailarines y los futbolistas. Los resultados enfatizan la importancia de promover climas de apoyo a la autonomía para facilitar el bienestar de los jóvenes bailarines y futbolistas (AU)

Basic psychological needs theory (Deci and Ryan, 2000) holds that social contexts that are autonomy supportive promote well-being through satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Based on this theoretical framework, the aim of the present study was threefold: first, to test a model in which we analyse the sequence: perception of autonomy support provided by the teacher/coach - basic psychological needs satisfaction - well-being; second, to examine the mediational role of basic needs; and third, to study the invariance of the model between two populations. Participants were 197 dancers (Mage = 18.65 ± 3.73) and 434 soccer players (Mage = 13.90 ± 0.66) who completed the variables of interest. SEM results revealed that perceptions of autonomy support positively predicted dancers' and players' satisfaction of their needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness, which in turn positively predicted their subjective vitality and positive affects; mediational analyses showed that satisfaction of the three needs totally mediated the relationship between perceptions of autonomy support and both well-being indicators. Finally, multi-group analyses revealed the invariance of the hypothesized relations between dancers and soccer players. The results emphasize the importance of promoting autonomy supportive climates to facilitate young dancers' and soccer players' well-being

O objectivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prestação competitiva de equipas de futebol de alto rendimento, visando diferenciar o seu perfilde rendimento, adoptando como critério de agrupamento o resultado final dos jogos (equipas ganhadoras vs equipas perdedoras). Foi aplicada umaBateria Multidimensional de Indicadores de Rendimento(BMIR) composta por seis índices: Índice de Iniciativa de Jogo(IIJ), Índice de Progressão noJogo Ofensivo(IPROJO), Índice de Precisão no Jogo Ofensivo(IPREJO), Índice de Volume de Jogo(IVJ), Índice de Carga Física1(ICF1) e Índice deCarga Física2(ICF2). Foram analisados 64 jogos pertencentes ao Mundila de Futebol celebrado na África do Sul 2010. As análises estatísticas decomparações de médias entre ganhadores e perdedores permitiram concluir que as equipas ganhadoras apresentam valores estatisticamente mais elevadosem quatro dos seis índices de rendimento utilizados: IIJ (p< .001), IPROJO (p= .002), IPREJO (p= .028) e IVJ (p= .001). Contudo, não foram obtidasdiferenças estatisticamente significativas entre ambos os grupos nos índices ICF1 e ICF2 (p> .05). A BMIR pode ser uma ferramenta muito útil paratreinadores e investigadores no que concerne à avaliação do rendimento e da orientação de conteúdos do treino no futebol de alto rendimento

Estudio cualitativo de las conductas de salud en la primera adolescencia / Qualitative study of health behaviours in the first adolescence

El objetivo del presente estudio de casos, de corte cualitativo, es múltiple: (1) conocer qué piensan los jóvenes al principio de la adolescencia respecto a las conductas asociadas a la salud; (2) explorar si realizan estas conductas; (3) averiguar cuáles son los motivos para llevarlas a cabo, y (4) detectar sus predicciones de futuro respecto a las mismas. Para tratar estos temas, ocho chicos y ocho chicas de entre 11 y 12 años de edad participaron en dos grupos de discusión, uno de chicos y otro de chicas, durante sesiones de una hora. Una vez analizadas las transcripciones por parte de tres investigadores, y codificadas utilizando el programa informático Nudist Vivo, versión 2.0.163, los resultados informaron que los principales temas identificados fueron las conductas de salud "clásicas", los contextos en los que realizaban las conductas, y el patrón conductual relacionado con la salud. Las interrelaciones entre estos tres temas indicaron diferencias por género, tanto en las opiniones sobre lo que significa estar sano, como en sus conductas presentes y sus predicciones conductuales para el futuro.

The goal of the current qualitative case study is multiple: (1) to know what young people thought at the beginning of adolescence with regard to health related behaviours; (2) to explore if they followed these behaviours; (3) to find out what their motives were for following them; and (4) to detect their future predictions with regard to those behaviours. Eight boys and eight girls between the ages of 11 and 12 years-old participated in two discussion groups (one for boys and one for girls). Each session lasted one hour. The transcriptions of these discussions were analyzed by three researchers and were codified using the computer programme, Nudist Vivo, version 2.0.163. The main topics identified were the "classical" health behaviours, the contexts where the behaviours took place, and the health-related behavioural patterns. The relationships among these three topics indicated that there were differences between girls and boys, specifically on what it meant to be healthy, their current behaviours, and their predicted future behaviours.

Relaciones entre el autoconcepto y el estilo de vida saludable en la adolescencia media: un modelo exploratorio / The relationship between self-concept and a healthy lifestyle in adolescence: an exploratory model

Se diseña un modelo que explora las relaciones entre las dimensiones del autoconcepto y algunas conductas beneficiosas (consumo de alimentos sanos y práctica de deporte) y de riesgo para la salud (consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis, y de alimentos insanos) en ambos sexos. Contamos con una muestra representativa de 1.038 adolescentes de la Comunidad Valenciana de entre 15 y 18 años (528 chicas y 510 chicos, M edad= 16.3; DT= .92). Se empleó el «path análisis» con el método de máxima verosimilitud del programa Lisrel VIII. Los resultados muestran un buen ajuste del modelo a los datos tanto para los chicos (χ2/gl= 2.57; RMSR= .04; RMSEA= 0.5; GFI= .98; NNFI= .91; CFI= .97; CN= 350.10) como para las chicas (χ2/gl= 3.28; RMSR= .04; RMSEA= 0.6; GFI= .98; NNFI= .87; CFI= .95; CN= 284.42). En ambos sexos, la adecuación conductual, la aceptación social y la amistad íntima son los mejores predictores de las conductas de riesgo para la salud. La competencia deportiva ejerce una influencia indirecta sobre las conductas de salud, actuando la participación deportiva como variable mediadora en esta relación

A gender-based model has been designed to study the relationships that exist among self-concept dimensions and some health-promoting behaviours (consumption of healthy food and participation in sports) and health-risk behaviours (consumption of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and unhealthy food). The model was employed on a representative sample of 1,038 adolescents from the Valencian Community, aged between 15 and 18 years old (528 girls and 510 boys, M age= 16.3; SD= .92). Path analysis with the Lisrel VIII program maximum likelihood method was used. The results show the model’s good fit to the data with regard to both the boys (χ2/gl= 2.57; RMSR= .04; RMSEA= 0.5; GFI= .98; NNFI= .91; CFI= .97; CN= 350.10) and the girls (χ2/gl= 3.28; RMSR= .04; RMSEA= 0.6; GFI= .98; NNFI= .87; CFI= .95; CN= 284.42). For the two sexes, behavioural conduct, social acceptance and close friendship emerged as good predictors of health-risk behaviours. Athletic competence had an indirect influence on health behaviours, with participation in sports being a mediating variable in that relationship

[The relationship between self-concept and a healthy lifestyle in adolescence: an exploratory model]. / Relaciones entre el autoconcepto y el estilo de vida saludable en la adolescencia media: un modelo exploratorio.

A gender-based model has been designed to study the relationships that exist among self-concept dimensions and some health-promoting behaviours (consumption of healthy food and participation in sports) and health-risk behaviours (consumption of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and unhealthy food). The model was employed on a representative sample of 1,038 adolescents from the Valencian Community, aged between 15 and 18 years old (528 girls and 510 boys, M age= 16.3; SD= .92). Path analysis with the Lisrel VIII program maximum likelihood method was used. The results show the model's good fit to the data with regard to both the boys (chi 2 /gl= 2.57; RMSR= .04; RMSEA= 0.5; GFI= .98; NNFI= .91; CFI= .97; CN= 350.10) and the girls (chi 2 /gl= 3.28; RMSR= .04; RMSEA= 0.6; GFI= .98; NNFI= .87; CFI= .95; CN= 284.42). For the two sexes, behavioural conduct, social acceptance and close friendship emerged as good predictors of health-risk behaviours. Athletic competence had an indirect influence on health behaviours, with participation in sports being a mediating variable in that relationship.

Testing direct and indirect effects of sports participation on perceived health in Spanish adolescents between 15 and 18 years of age.

This paper examines the direct and indirect effects of sports participation on perceived health. It is based on a representative sample of middle adolescents aged 15-18 (N=1038, M age=16.31, S.D.=0.92; 510 boys and 528 girls) from the Valencian Community (Spain). This study used two different models; Model A is an adaptation of Thorlindsson, Vilhjalmsson and Valgeirsson's (Social Science and Medicine 31 (1990) 551) model which introduces smoking, alcohol use, feelings of anxiety, feelings of depression and psychophysiological symptoms as mediator variables; Model B is an extension of Model A with perceived physical fitness as an added mediator variable. Both models show a good fit to the data. Results showed that, in both models, sports participation affected perceived health directly and indirectly by decreasing smoking and alcohol consumption, feelings of depression and psychophysiological symptoms. In Model B, sport also affected perceived health via increased perceived physical fitness explaining almost 10% more of the variance.

Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de satisfacción con la vida en adolescentes / Psychometric propierties of the satisfaction with life scale in adolescents

Este trabajo analiza las propiedades psicométricas de la versión en Castellano de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) en una muestra de 697 adolescentes de la Comunidad Valenciana. El análisis factorial exploratorio mostró una estructura monofactorial que explicó el 53,7 por ciento de la varianza, con elevados pesos factoriales de sus ítems. El análisis de la fiabilidad de la escala señaló que la versión española posee una buena consistencia interna. Por último, la versión española del SWLS mantuvo relaciones significativas y en el sentido previsto con las variables de satisfacción en el ámbito escolar, sentimientos de felicidad y sentimientos de soledad, indicando una validez convergente adecuada (AU)

This study analyzed the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The subjects in the study were 697 adolescents from the Valencian Community. The exploratory factor analysis showed a single-factor solution accounting for 53.7% of the variance, with a high factor loading of the items. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model fit was acceptable. The reliability analysis showed good internal consistency. The SWLS maintained a significant relationship in expected accordance with classroom satisfaction, feelings of happiness and of loneliness, which showed evidence of construct validity (AU)