ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer como la satisfacción, la motivación y las creencias de éxito en las actividades físico-deportivas de tiempo libre del alumnado de educación secundaria, pueden predecir el clima motivacional percibido en Educación Física en tres contextos culturales diferentes. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 2168 estudiantes de tres países diferentes, perteneciendo 423 a Costa Rica, 408 a México y un total de 1337 alumnos a España, todos ellos con edades comprendidas entre 11 y 16 años. Para ello se utilizaron las escalas de Clima Motivacional, Satisfacción Intrínseca en el Deporte, Motivación Deportiva e Inventario de Percepción de las Creencias sobre las Causas del Éxito en el Deporte. Los resultados encontrados en esta investigación muestran similares tendencias en los tres países tanto en la predicción de la maestría, como en el rendimiento-aproximación, rendimiento-evitación y en la aprobación social
The aim of this paper is to find out how satisfaction, motivation and belief in success in physical and sports leisure time activities of students in secondary education predict the perceived motivational climate in physical education in three different cultural contexts. The sample consisted of 2168 students from three different countries, belonging to Costa Rica 423, 408 to Mexico and a total of 1337 students to Spain, all aged between 11 and 16 years. The Scales Motivational Climate, Satisfaction Intrinsic in Sport, Sport and Inventory Motivation Perceptions of Beliefs on the Causes of Success in Sport were used. The results found in this research show similar trends in all three countries in terms of mastery prediction as well as performance-approach, performance-avoidance, and social approval
Subject(s)
Child , Adolescent , Motivation , Cultural Competency/psychology , Students/psychology , Physical Education and Training/methods , Motor Activity/physiology , Costa Rica , Mexico , Spain , Students/statistics & numerical data , Personal Satisfaction , GoalsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Acute unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) results in ipsilateral hydronephrosis characterized by a decrease in epidermal growth factor (EGF) mRNA expression and EGF protein levels in the distal renal tubules. UUO results in programmed cell death with increases in the characteristic markers of apoptosis. To suppress the apoptotic response during UUO, recombinant EGF was administered during renal obstruction and the ensuing molecular and histologic changes were studied. METHODS: Mature Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left ureteral obstruction and the kidneys were harvested at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Markers of apoptosis included DNA laddering pattern on agarose gel electrophoresis, in situ gap labeling of fragmented DNA for quantitative apoptotic body determination, polyadenylated mRNA expression of SGP-2, and in situ hybridization for sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2) mRNA. Studies were repeated in rats following administration of 10, 20, and 40 micrograms of subcutaneous recombinant EGF on a daily basis after UUO. RESULTS: Subcutaneous injection of EGF into unilaterally obstructed rats promotes renal tubular epithelial cell regeneration, as demonstrated by increased cortical mitotic activity. Systemic EGF supplementation in these unilaterally obstructed rats also resulted in a decrease in the intensity of the DNA laddering pattern associated with renal tubular apoptosis. An in situ labeling procedure to identify apoptotic nuclei in the ureterally obstructed kidneys revealed a 50% reduction in apoptosis after EGF administration. Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization for SGP-2 mRNA or clustering gene product also revealed a decreased expression in the obstructed and EGF-treated renal parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that EGF, apart from its known role as a mitogenic substance for renal tubular epithelial cells, is also a critical in vivo renal cell survival factor for the developmentally mature kidney.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis/physiology , Epidermal Growth Factor/physiology , Kidney Tubules/cytology , Molecular Chaperones , Ureteral Obstruction/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Clusterin , DNA Fragmentation , Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology , Glycoproteins/biosynthesis , Kidney Tubules/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Ureteral Obstruction/pathologyABSTRACT
Unilateral ureteral obstruction in the rat leads to hydronephrosis of the affected kidney and renal cell deletion through the process of apoptosis. We studied this experimental model to determine whether acute alterations in renal growth factor expression might be involved in the initiation of the apoptotic response. Northern blot analysis of hydronephrotic, contralateral and sham operated kidney polyadenylated messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was performed to quantitate the expression of mRNA encoding the growth factors epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta and insulin-like growth factor II during the first 48 hours following ureteral obstruction. Although the expression of the insulin-like growth factor II mRNA was unchanged by ureteral obstruction, the expression of epidermal growth factor mRNA rapidly declined in the obstructed kidney during this period. The loss of epidermal growth factor expression was further confirmed by an immunocytochemical staining procedure that demonstrated high concentrations of epidermal growth factor in control renal tubules and a drastic loss of this staining in obstructed renal tubules. In contrast, expression of transforming growth factor-beta mRNA increased in the obstructed kidney. We believe that the altered growth factor environment of the hydronephrotic kidney might be an initiating factor in the onset of renal apoptosis associated with this condition.
