ABSTRACT
Climate change and other human activities are causing profound effects on marine ecosystem productivity. We show that the breeding success of seabirds is tracking hemispheric differences in ocean warming and human impacts, with the strongest effects on fish-eating, surface-foraging species in the north. Hemispheric asymmetry suggests the need for ocean management at hemispheric scales. For the north, tactical, climate-based recovery plans for forage fish resources are needed to recover seabird breeding productivity. In the south, lower-magnitude change in seabird productivity presents opportunities for strategic management approaches such as large marine protected areas to sustain food webs and maintain predator productivity. Global monitoring of seabird productivity enables the detection of ecosystem change in remote regions and contributes to our understanding of marine climate impacts on ecosystems.
Subject(s)
Accidents, Traffic , Aneurysm, False/etiology , Aorta/injuries , Aortic Aneurysm/etiology , Seat Belts/adverse effects , Vascular System Injuries/etiology , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/etiology , Adolescent , Aneurysm, False/diagnostic imaging , Aneurysm, False/surgery , Aorta/diagnostic imaging , Aorta/surgery , Aortic Aneurysm/diagnostic imaging , Aortic Aneurysm/surgery , Aortography , Blood Vessel Prosthesis , Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation/instrumentation , Endovascular Procedures/instrumentation , Female , Humans , Stents , Vascular System Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Vascular System Injuries/surgery , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/diagnostic imaging , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/surgeryABSTRACT
In 1990, Andrew Bakun proposed that increasing greenhouse gas concentrations would force intensification of upwelling-favorable winds in eastern boundary current systems that contribute substantial services to society. Because there is considerable disagreement about whether contemporary wind trends support Bakun's hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature on upwelling-favorable wind intensification. The preponderance of published analyses suggests that winds have intensified in the California, Benguela, and Humboldt upwelling systems and weakened in the Iberian system over time scales ranging up to 60 years; wind change is equivocal in the Canary system. Stronger intensification signals are observed at higher latitudes, consistent with the warming pattern associated with climate change. Overall, reported changes in coastal winds, although subtle and spatially variable, support Bakun's hypothesis of upwelling intensification in eastern boundary current systems.
