Long-term impact of an educational antimicrobial stewardship programme in primary care on infections caused by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in the community: an interrupted time-series analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is little evidence on the ecological effect and sustainability of antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) in primary-care settings. We aimed to determine whether a multimodal, educational ASP would be sustainable in the long-term and reduce the incidence of infections caused by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in the community by optimising antibiotic use. METHODS: We did this quasi-experimental intervention study in 214 primary health centres of four primary health-care districts in Andalusia, Spain. Local multidisciplinary teams, comprised of general practitioners, paediatricians, primary-care pharmacists, and epidemiologists, were created in each district and implemented a multimodal, education-based ASP. The core activity of the programme consisted of regular one-to-one educational interviews between a reference interviewing physician and prescribing physicians from each centre on the appropriateness of their most recent (same or preceding day) antibiotic prescriptions based on a structured questionnaire. Appropriate prescribing was defined as compliance of all checklist items with the reference guidelines. An average of five educational interviews were scheduled per prescriber per study year. We did an interrupted time-series analysis to assess the effect of the intervention on quarterly antibiotic use (prescription and collection by the patient) and quality of prescriptions (as defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day) and incidence per 1000 inhabitants of E coli producing extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) isolated from urine samples. FINDINGS: The study was done between January, 2012, and December, 2017, in a pre-intervention period of 2012-13 and an intervention period of 2014-17. Throughout the study period, there were 1387 physicians (1116 general practicioners and 271 paediatricians) in the included health centres serving a mean population of 1 937 512 people (299 331 children and 1 638 181 adults). 24 150 educational interviews were done over the 4 years. Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing was identified in 1794 (36·5%) of 4917 educational interviews in 2014 compared with 1793 (26·9%) of 6665 in 2017 (p<0·0001). The intervention was associated with a sustained reduction in the use of ciprofloxacin (relative effect -15·9%, 95% CI -23·9 to -8·0) and cephalosporins (-22·6%, -35·9 to -9·2), and a sustained increase in the use of amoxicillin (22·2%, 6·4 to 38·0) and fosfomycin trometamol (6·1%, 2·6 to 9·6). The incidence density of ESBL-producing E coli decreased by -0·028 cases per 1000 inhabitants (95% CI -0·034 to -0·021) after the start of the programme, reversing the pre-intervention increase and leading to a relative reduction of -65·6% (-68·2 to -63·0) 4 years later. INTERPRETATION: Our data suggest that implementation of a multimodal ASP in primary care that is based on individual educational interviews improves the use of antibiotics and results in a sustained significant reduction of infections by ESBL-producing E coli in the community. This information should encourage the implementation of ASPs in primary care. FUNDING: Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Government (PI14/01523).

[Suicide Mortality in Andalusia, Spain: geographical Distribution and Relationship with Antidepressants, Altitude and Socioeconomic Inequalities]. / Mortalidad por suicidio en Andalucía: distribución geográfica y relación con el uso de antidepresivos, la altitud y desigualdades socioeconómicas.

BACKGROUND: The suicide mortality rate in Andalusia is higher than the Spanish average, and it shows a different evolution over time. This study analyzes recent changes of suicide mortality in Andalusia, its geographical distribution and its relation with antidepressant use, altitude and socioeconomic inequality. METHODS: An ecological study of the Basic Health Zones in Andalusia has been conducted. Age-standarized suicide rates in 2012 and during 2007-2011 were calculated. The correlation among variables and their association with the geographical differences was assessed with Spearman's coefficient and generalized linear models were also estimated. RESULTS: Andalusia registered 7,58 suicides per 100.000 inhabitants per year from 2007 to 2011, with a range of 0,96 to 27,71 in the different areas. Positive correlation has been observed between altitude and suicide rates in 2012 (r=0,29; p<0,001) and during the period 2007-2011 (r=0,47; p<0,001). Antidepressant use in 2012 was not correlated with suicide rates in that year (r=0,03; p=0,67), but a positive correlation was observed with the precedent five years suicide rates (r=0,18; p=0,008). The Deprivation Index had a positive correlation with suicide rates in 2012 (r=0,29; p<0,001) and in 2007-2011 (r=0,33; p<0,001). CONCLUSIONS: There is a clear geographical pattern in the distribution of suicide mortality in Andalusia and it remains stable over time. Central areas and in those with the highest altitude concentrate the highest suicide rates, which are associated with a larger use of antidepressants and also with higher levels of material deprivation.

Mortalidad por suicidio en Andalucía: distribución geográfica y relación con el uso de antidepresivos, la altitud y desigualdades socioeconómicas / Suicide Mortality in Andalusia, Spain: Geographical Distribution and Relationship with Antidepressants, Altitude and Socioeconomic Inequalities

Fundamentos: Andalucía tiene una mortalidad por suicidio superior a la media española y una evolución temporal discordante con el conjunto del país. El objetivo fue analizar la evolución reciente de la mortalidad por suicidio en Andalucía, su distribución geográfica y la relación con el uso de antidepresivos, la altitud y las desigualdades socioeconómicas. Métodos: Estudio ecológico cuya unidad de análisis fueron las Zonas Básicas de Salud de Andalucía. Se calcularon las tasas de suicidio ajustadas por edad del periodo 2007-2011 y de 2012. Para analizar las variables asociadas a las diferencias geográficas se midió la correlación mediante el coeficiente de Spearman y se estimaron modelos lineales generalizados. Resultados: Andalucía tuvo una tasa de mortalidad por suicidio de 7,58/100.000 habitantes/año entre 2007 y 2011, con un intervalo de 0,96 a 27,71. Hubo correlación positiva entre altitud y tasas de suicidio en 2012 (r=0,29; p<0,001) y en el periodo 2007-2011 (r=0,47; p<0,001). En 2012 el uso de antidepresivos no se correlacionó con las tasas de suicidio (r=0,03; p=0,67) pero sí durante los cinco años anteriores (r=0,18; p=0,008). El Índice de Privación Material tuvo una correlación positiva con las tasas en 2012 (r=0,29; p<0,001) y de 2007-2011 (r=0,33; p<0,001). Conclusiones: Existe un claro patrón geográfico en la distribución de la mortalidad por suicidio en Andalucía que permanece estable en el período estudiado. La zona central y las de mayor altitud concentran las tasas de suicidio más altas y se asocian con utilización de antidepresivos y mayor privación material (AU)

Background: The suicide mortality rate in Andalusia is higher than the Spanish average, and it shows a different evolution over time. This study analyzes recent changes of suicide mortality in Andalusia, its geographical distribution and its relation with antidepressant use, altitude and socioeconomic inequality. Methods: An ecological study of the Basic Health Zones in Andalusia has been conducted. Age-standarized suicide rates in 2012 and during 2007-2011 were calculated. The correlation among variables and their association with the geographical differences was assessed with Spearman’s coefficient and generalized linear models were also estimated. Results: Andalusia registered 7,58 suicides per 100.000 inhabitants per year from 2007 to 2011, with a range of 0,96 to 27,71 in the different areas. Positive correlation has been observed between altitude and suicide rates in 2012 (r=0,29; p<0,001) and during the period 2007-2011 (r=0,47; p<0,001). Antidepressant use in 2012 was not correlated with suicide rates in that year (r=0,03; p=0,67), but a positive correlation was observed with the precedent five years suicide rates (r=0,18; p=0,008). The Deprivation Index had a positive correlation with suicide rates in 2012 (r=0,29; p<0,001) and in 2007-2011 (r=0,33; p<0,001). Conclusions: There is a clear geographical pattern in the distribution of suicide mortality in Andalusia and it remains stable over time. Central areas and in those with the highest altitude concentrate the highest suicide rates, which are associated with a larger use of antidepressants and also with higher levels of material deprivation (AU)

Suicidio, prescripción de antidepresivos y desempleo en Andalucía / Suicide, antidepressant prescription and unemployment in Andalusia (Spain)

Objetivos: Analizar la evolución temporal de la mortalidad por suicidio en Andalucía entre 1975 y 2012, y su relación con el uso de antidepresivos y el desempleo. Métodos: Para estimar los cambios de tendencia se utilizaron modelos segmentados de regresión de Poisson. La correlación se midió mediante el coeficiente de Spearman. Resultados: La tendencia de la mortalidad por suicidio es ascendente, y son las personas de 15 a 44 años de edad las que presentan aumentos más acusados, con un porcentaje de cambio anual de 1,21 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 0,7-1,7) para los hombres y de 0,93 (IC95%: 0,4-1,4) para las mujeres. Conclusiones: La mortalidad por suicidio ha aumentado desde 1975 en todos los grupos de edad y sexo, salvo en las mujeres ancianas. En las últimas décadas se aprecian tendencias ascendentes en los jóvenes, y estables o descendentes en el resto, que no están asociadas con el desempleo ni con el uso de antidepresivos (AU)

Objectives: To analyze the trend in suicide mortality in Andalusia from 1975 to 2012 and its relationship with unemployment and the use of antidepressants. Methods: Poisson's segmented regression models were used to estimate changes over time. The association between suicide and the factors examined was measured using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: Suicide mortality patterns in men and women are rising. The largest increase was found in people aged from 15 to 44 years, with an annual percentage rate change of 1.21 (95%CI: 0.7-1.7) for men and 0.93 (95%CI: 0.4-1.4) for women. Conclusions: Mortality by suicide has increased in Andalusia since 1975 in all age and gender groups except for women aged 65 years or above. During the last few decades, an upward trend has been observed in young people and a stable or falling trend in the remaining population. Temporary variations in suicide rates are not associated with unemployment rates or with changes in antidepressant prescription (AU)

[Suicide, antidepressant prescription and unemployment in Andalusia (Spain)]. / Suicidio, prescripción de antidepresivos y desempleo en Andalucía.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the trend in suicide mortality in Andalusia from 1975 to 2012 and its relationship with unemployment and the use of antidepressants. METHODS: Poisson's segmented regression models were used to estimate changes over time. The association between suicide and the factors examined was measured using Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Suicide mortality patterns in men and women are rising. The largest increase was found in people aged from 15 to 44 years, with an annual percentage rate change of 1.21 (95%CI: 0.7-1.7) for men and 0.93 (95%CI: 0.4-1.4) for women. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality by suicide has increased in Andalusia since 1975 in all age and gender groups except for women aged 65 years or above. During the last few decades, an upward trend has been observed in young people and a stable or falling trend in the remaining population. Temporary variations in suicide rates are not associated with unemployment rates or with changes in antidepressant prescription.