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1.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 65(8): 368-372, 16 oct., 2017. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-167464

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La afectación de la columna vertebral en la gota es una complicación extremadamente infrecuente. La dorsalgia y la cuadriplejía son algunas manifestaciones que se pueden presentar, aunque estos síntomas se ven con más frecuencia en otras patologías más prevalentes, como los tumores medulares. Caso clínico. Se presenta un caso inusual de compresión medular dorsal en D10-D11 causado por el depósito extradural de material tofáceo en una paciente de 52 años con gota tofácea crónica incontrolada. Además de un tratamiento médico intensivo, la paciente requirió cirugía (hemilaminectomía y descompresión medular) y rehabilitación posterior. La evolución general y neurológica fue satisfactoria (AU)


Introduction. Spine involvement in gout is an extremely uncommon complication. Dorsalgia and quadriplegia are some manifestations that may occur, although these symptoms are seen more frequently in other more prevalent pathologies, such as spinal tumors. Case report. We present an unusual case of thoracic spinal cord compression at T10-T11 level caused by the extradural deposit of tophaceous material in a 52-year-old woman with uncontrolled chronic tophaceous gout. In addition to intensive medical treatment, the patient required surgery (hemilaminectomy and spinal decompression) and subsequent rehabilitation. Overall and neurological evolution were satisfactory (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Spinal Cord Compression/etiology , Gout/complications , Decompression, Surgical/methods , Laminectomy/methods , Paraplegia/surgery , Spinal Cord Compression/surgery
2.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 64(2): 70-74, 16 ene., 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-159428

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El mutismo acinético se considera una alteración del estado motivacional de la persona, por el cual el paciente es incapaz de iniciar respuestas verbales o motoras de carácter voluntario, aun teniendo preservadas las funciones sensomotoras y de vigilancia. Caso clínico. Varón de 43 años, intervenido de una fístula arteriovenosa del cerebelo complicada con hidrocefalia, que respondió espectacularmente al tratamiento con bromocriptina. Conclusión. Típicamente se ha descrito el mutismo acinético como una complicación transitoria de las cirugías de la fosa posterior. Sin embargo, también puede aparecer tras múltiples fallos valvulares en pacientes con hidrocefalia (AU)


Introduction. Akinetic mutism is considered as an alteration of the motivational state of the person, which the patient is unable to initiate verbal or motor responses voluntary, even with preserved sensorimotor and surveillance functions. Case report. A 43 year-old male involved in a cerebellum arteriovenous fistula complicated with hydrocephalus, who responded dramatically to treatment with bromocriptine. Conclusion. Typically, akinetic mutism is described as a transient surgeries posterior fossa. However, it can also occur after multiple valvular failure in patients with hydrocephalus (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Bromocriptine/therapeutic use , Akinetic Mutism/drug therapy , Postoperative Complications/drug therapy , Arteriovenous Fistula/surgery , Hydrocephalus/etiology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
3.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 63(5): 206-210, 1 sept., 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-155642

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Los quistes pineales son un hallazgo incidental relativamente frecuente en las pruebas de imagen; sin embargo, la apoplejía pineal se considera rara y se asocia a síntomas graves. Casos clínicos. Varón de 25 años y mujer de 15 años, que acudieron a urgencias con clínica de hipertensión intracraneal; mediante pruebas de imagen se confirmó la existencia de una hemorragia pineal. Se les trató con éxito mediante microcirugía. Conclusión. En nuestra experiencia, y avalado por la bibliografía, creemos que el mejor tratamiento de esta infrecuente patología es el abordaje microquirúrgico. Sin embargo, no se excluye la posibilidad de que, en un futuro, las técnicas endoscópicas puedan tener un lugar importante en el tratamiento de la apoplejía pineal (AU)


Introduction. Pineal cysts are a relatively frequent incidental finding in imaging tests; yet, pineal apoplexy is considered to be rare and is associated to severe symptoms. Case reports. We report the cases of a 25-year-old male and a female aged 15 years who visited the emergency department with signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension. The existence of a pineal haemorrhage was confirmed by imaging tests. They were successfully treated by means of microsurgery. Conclusion. In our experience, and backed by the literature, we believe that the best treatment for this infrequent pathology is the microsurgical approach. Nevertheless, we do not rule out the possibility that, sometime in the future, endoscopic techniques may play an important role in the treatment of pineal apoplexy (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Pinealoma/surgery , Pineal Gland/pathology , Central Nervous System Cysts/surgery , Microsurgery/methods , Stroke/etiology , Headache/etiology
4.
Nutr Hosp ; 33(4): 403, 2016 Jul 19.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27571678

ABSTRACT

Gracias a los avances técnicos en técnicas neuroquirúrgicas, y debido a que el diagnóstico y la clasificación de las enfermedades psiquiátricas han evolucionado significativamente a lo largo de las últimas décadas, se están desarrollando tratamientos a nivel experimental para aquellos pacientes resistentes al manejo conservador.La anorexia nerviosa es una enfermedad de prevalencia creciente, con la tasa de mortalidad más elevada dentro de los trastornos psiquiátricos, y con aproximadamente un 20% de pacientes que presentan una evolución tórpida. Para estos pacientes que no responden a manejo conservador, la estimulación cerebral profunda ha surgido como una alternativa terapéutica, si bien la literatura especializada al respecto es escasa.A continuación presentamos una revisión de la fisiopatología de la anorexia nerviosa, así como de los distintos tratamientos neuroquirúrgicos realizados a lo largo de la historia. Se detalla la perspectiva de tratamiento quirúrgico actual, así como los aspectos éticos que se han de considerar en relación con el surgimiento de estas nuevas terapias.


Subject(s)
Anorexia Nervosa/surgery , Neurosurgical Procedures/methods , Anorexia Nervosa/physiopathology , Deep Brain Stimulation , Drug Resistance , Humans , Neurosurgical Procedures/statistics & numerical data
5.
Nutr. hosp ; 33(4): 1001-1007, jul.-ago. 2016.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-154930

ABSTRACT

Gracias a los avances en técnicas neuroquirúrgicas, y debido a que el diagnóstico y la clasificación de las enfermedades psiquiátricas han evolucionado significativamente a lo largo de las últimas décadas, se están desarrollando tratamientos a nivel experimental para aquellos pacientes resistentes al manejo conservador. La anorexia nerviosa es una enfermedad de prevalencia creciente, con la tasa de mortalidad más elevada dentro de los trastornos psiquiátricos, y con aproximadamente un 20% de pacientes que presentan una evolución tórpida. Para estos pacientes que no responden a manejo conservador, la estimulación cerebral profunda ha surgido como una alternativa terapéutica, si bien la literatura especializada al respecto es escasa. A continuación presentamos una revisión de la fisiopatología de la anorexia nerviosa, así como de los distintos tratamientos neuroquirúrgicos realizados a lo largo de la historia. Se detalla la perspectiva de tratamiento quirúrgico actual, así como los aspectos éticos que se han de considerar en relación con el surgimiento de estas nuevas terapias (AU)


Given the advances experienced in neurosurgical techniques, and because the diagnosis and classifi cation of psychiatric diseases has evolved over the past decades, new experimental treatments are arising to treat a greater number of medication-resistant psychiatric patients. Among psychiatric diseases, anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate, and approximately 20% of patients experience torpid outcomes. For these patients who do not respond to conservative management, deep brain stimulation has arisen as an alternative option, although studies are still scarce. We review the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa, as well as the various neurosurgical treatments that have been performed throughout history. The prospect of current surgical treatments is detailed, as well as the ethical aspects to consider regarding the emergence of these new therapies (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anorexia Nervosa/complications , Anorexia Nervosa/diet therapy , Anorexia Nervosa/epidemiology , Deep Brain Stimulation/instrumentation , Deep Brain Stimulation/methods , Deep Brain Stimulation , Psychosurgery/instrumentation , Psychosurgery/methods , Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation/methods , Neurosurgery/methods , Neurosurgery/standards , Neurosurgery/trends , Neurobiology/methods
6.
Psiquiatr. biol. (Internet) ; 21(3): 102-109, sept.-dic. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-129789

ABSTRACT

Aproximadamente un 10% de los pacientes con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo tienen formas crónicas muy incapacitantes de la enfermedad, resistentes a las terapias conservadoras actuales, lo que conlleva un deterioro significativo para su calidad de vida y altas tasas de suicidio. Para estos pacientes se dispone de nuevas terapias efectivas mediante tratamiento neuroquirúrgico. A continuación revisamos de forma exhaustiva las técnicas neuroquirúrgicas actuales y las tasas de remisión y efectos adversos, con sus aspectos metodológicos fundamentales. La realización de pequeñas lesiones en dianas específicas del circuito límbico, como la cingulotomía, la capsulotomía, la tractotomía subcaudada o la leucotomía límbica, está siendo sustituida por la estimulación cerebral profunda mediante electrodos en estas dianas, lo que permite efectuar una terapia reversible y adaptable a las necesidades del paciente. Además, el desarrollo de la neuroimagen y el mejor conocimiento de los circuitos cerebrales han permitido la identificación de nuevas dianas para la neuroestimulación en este trastorno, con buenos resultados. La investigación debe continuar progresando para mejorar el tratamiento de los pacientes con trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo resistente (AU)


Approximately 10% of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder have very disabling chronic forms of the disease, which are resistant to all current conservative therapies. These patients experience a significant deterioration in their quality of life and high rates of suicide. The development of new effective neurosurgical treatments has led to an improvement in a significant percentage of patients that would otherwise have remained severely disabled. We comprehensively review remission rates, adverse effects and fundamental methodological aspects of the current neurosurgical techniques for medication resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. The making of small lesions in specific targets of the limbic circuit, such as cingulotomy, capsulotomy, limbic leucotomy and subcaudate tractotomy, is being replaced by deep brain stimulation through electrodes located in these targets, which is reversible and adaptable to every patient's need. Furthermore, the development of neuroimaging techniques and a better understanding of brain circuits in the last decades, have allowed the identification of new targets for neurostimulation in this disorder, with good results. Research must continue in order to help in the treatment of medication-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/complications , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/therapy , Electric Stimulation/instrumentation , Electric Stimulation/methods , Psychosurgery/methods , Psychosurgery/trends , Radiosurgery/methods , Radiosurgery/trends , Quality of Life , Neurosurgery/methods , Neurosurgery/trends , Serotonin/therapeutic use , Clomipramine/therapeutic use , Norepinephrine/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Posterior Capsulotomy
7.
Cereb Cortex ; 23(5): 1240-6, 2013 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22581850

ABSTRACT

Brain function is recognized to rely on neuronal activity and signaling processes between neurons, whereas astrocytes are generally considered to play supportive roles for proper neuronal function. However, accumulating evidence indicates that astrocytes sense and control neuronal and synaptic activity, indicating that neuron and astrocytes reciprocally communicate. While this evidence has been obtained in experimental animal models, whether this bidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons occurs in human brain remains unknown. We have investigated the existence of astrocyte-neuron communication in human brain tissue, using electrophysiological and Ca(2+) imaging techniques in slices of the cortex and hippocampus obtained from biopsies from epileptic patients. Cortical and hippocampal human astrocytes displayed spontaneous Ca(2+) elevations that were independent of neuronal activity. Local application of transmitter receptor agonists or nerve electrical stimulation transiently elevated Ca(2+) in astrocytes, indicating that human astrocytes detect synaptic activity and respond to synaptically released neurotransmitters, suggesting the existence of neuron-to-astrocyte communication in human brain tissue. Electrophysiological recordings in neurons revealed the presence of slow inward currents (SICs) mediated by NMDA receptor activation. The frequency of SICs increased after local application of ATP that elevated astrocyte Ca(2+). Therefore, human astrocytes are able to release the gliotransmitter glutamate, which affect neuronal excitability through activation of NMDA receptors in neurons. These results reveal the existence of reciprocal signaling between neurons and astrocytes in human brain tissue, indicating that astrocytes are relevant in human neurophysiology and are involved in human brain function.


Subject(s)
Astrocytes/physiology , Brain/physiology , Calcium Signaling/physiology , Calcium/metabolism , Cell Communication/physiology , Neurons/physiology , Adult , Cells, Cultured , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult
8.
PLoS One ; 7(7): e41799, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22844524

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Identification of critical areas in presurgical evaluations of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy is the most important step prior to resection. According to the "epileptic focus model", localization of seizure onset zones is the main task to be accomplished. Nevertheless, a significant minority of epileptic patients continue to experience seizures after surgery (even when the focus is correctly located), an observation that is difficult to explain under this approach. However, if attention is shifted from a specific cortical location toward the network properties themselves, then the epileptic network model does allow us to explain unsuccessful surgical outcomes. METHODS: The intraoperative electrocorticography records of 20 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy were analyzed in search of interictal synchronization clusters. Synchronization was analyzed, and the stability of highly synchronized areas was quantified. Surrogate data were constructed and used to statistically validate the results. Our results show the existence of highly localized and stable synchronization areas in both the lateral and the mesial areas of the temporal lobe ipsilateral to the clinical seizures. Synchronization areas seem to play a central role in the capacity of the epileptic network to generate clinical seizures. Resection of stable synchronization areas is associated with elimination of seizures; nonresection of synchronization clusters is associated with the persistence of seizures after surgery. DISCUSSION: We suggest that synchronization clusters and their stability play a central role in the epileptic network, favoring seizure onset and propagation. We further speculate that the stability distribution of these synchronization areas would differentiate normal from pathologic cases.


Subject(s)
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/pathology , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Seizures/complications , Temporal Lobe/pathology , Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Adult , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/complications , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/surgery , Female , Humans , Male , Models, Neurological , Temporal Lobe/surgery , Young Adult
9.
Neurocir. - Soc. Luso-Esp. Neurocir ; 23(1): 29-35, ene.-mar. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-107627

ABSTRACT

Con la finalidad de proponer una serie de recomendaciones del tratamiento médico antiepiléptico, en el perioperatorio de los tumores cerebrales supratentoriales, se realiza una revisión de la literatura enfocada sobre todo a la profilaxis primaria de las crisis epilépticas precoces acaecidas en el postoperatorio inmediato. Se concluye que es recomendable pautar profilaxis primaria antiepiléptica poscirugía durante una semana en los pacientes con tumor cerebral supratentorial que no han presentado crisis epilépticas. Si las crisis aparecen durante la evolución de la enfermedad, es necesario pautar un tratamiento a largo plazo. Dadas las características de estos pacientes, se recomienda usar un fármaco antiepiléptico con presentación por vía intravenosa y un perfil bajo de interacciones. El levetiracetam, seguido del valproato, parecen ser los más adecuados. Dichas recomendaciones deben considerarse como una guía general de manejo, pudiendo ser modificadas, incluso de manera significativa, por las circunstancias propias de cada caso clínico (AU)


Our review of the literature is basically focused on the primary prophylaxis of early seizures after surgery of cerebral supratentorial tumors, with the aim of suggesting several recommendations in medical antiepileptic treatment to avoid this kind of seizures which occur immediately after surgery. In conclusion, it is recommended to provide criteria for prophylaxis of early seizures after surgery of cerebral supratentorial tumors. It's recommended a one week treatment with antiepileptic drugs in patients who didn't have seizures jet, starting immediately after the surgical treatment. If seizures appear during progress of the disease, a large period treatment will be needed. Preferred antiepileptic treatment is intravenous and with a low interactions profile. Levetiracetam, followed by valproic acid seem to be most appropriated drugs due to their properties and protective effects, particularly for our patients requirements. These recommendations are considered a general proposal to effective clinical management of early seizures after surgery, not taking into account the single circumstances of our patients. Always, clinical features of the patients could modify even significantly these guides in the benefit of each patient (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Epilepsy/prevention & control , Brain Neoplasms/surgery , Supratentorial Neoplasms/surgery , Craniotomy/adverse effects , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Practice Patterns, Physicians'
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