ABSTRACT
We determined serum biochemistry and hematologic values for island spotted skunks (Spilogale gracilis amphiala) on Santa Cruz Island (California, USA). Samples were collected from island spotted skunks chemically restrained with ketamine hydrochloride and acepromazine in August 1999 (dry season) and from skunks manually restrained in August 2000 (dry season) and January 2001 (wet season). One parameter, glucose, significantly differed with season, with higher levels during the wet season. Serum chemistry and hematologic profiles suggest that method of restraint (manual or chemical), as well as other methodologic details, may influence blood characteristics in the island spotted skunk.
Subject(s)
Mephitidae/blood , Acepromazine , Anesthetics, Dissociative , Animals , Animals, Wild/blood , Blood Chemical Analysis/veterinary , California , Female , Geography , Hematologic Tests/veterinary , Hypnotics and Sedatives , Immobilization/physiology , Ketamine , Male , Reference Values , Restraint, Physical/veterinary , SeasonsABSTRACT
Island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) are endemic to six of the eight California Channel Islands (USA). The island fox is classified as a threatened species by the State of California, and recently three of the six subspecies have experienced abrupt population declines. As part of a continuing effort to determine the cause of the declines, we tested island fox serum samples collected in 1988 (n = 176) and 1997-98 (n = 156) over the entire geographic range of the species for seroprevalence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) antigen. Using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PetChek, Idexx Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine, USA) we detected heartworm antigen in four of the six populations of island foxes. On San Miguel and Santa Rosa Islands, seroprevalence in adult foxes was >85% (n = 62) in 1988 and increased to 100% (n = 24) in 1997-98. On Santa Cruz Island, seroprevalence in adult foxes decreased from 83% (n = 30) to 58% (n = 26), whereas on San Nicolas Island, seroprevalence increased from 25% (n = 32) to 77% (n = 30) during the same period. All of the pups assayed (n = 33) were seronegative. The seroprevalences of heartworm reported herein for the four populations of island foxes are the highest yet reported for a fox species. However, additional demographic data reported elsewhere suggests that heartworm has not been a major factor in the recent declines of island fox populations.
Subject(s)
Dirofilaria immitis/immunology , Dirofilariasis/epidemiology , Foxes/parasitology , Animals , Antigens, Helminth/blood , California/epidemiology , Conservation of Natural Resources , Dirofilaria immitis/isolation & purification , Dirofilariasis/blood , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Female , Male , Seroepidemiologic StudiesABSTRACT
A 12-year-old female bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was found in May 1993 on Santa Catalina Island, California (USA), in a debilitated condition, exhibiting ataxia and tremors; it died within hours. On necropsy, the bird was emaciated but had no evidence of disease or physical injury. Chemical analyses were negative for organophosphorus pesticides and lead poisoning. High concentrations of DDE (wet weight basis) were found in the brain (212 ppm), liver (838 ppm), and serum (53 ppm). Mobilization of DDE, from depleted fat deposits, probably resulted in the lethal concentration in the eagle's brain.
Subject(s)
Bird Diseases/chemically induced , Brain Chemistry , Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene/poisoning , Insecticides/poisoning , Adipose Tissue/pathology , Animals , Atrophy , Bird Diseases/pathology , Birds , Brain/enzymology , Brain/metabolism , Cholinesterases/analysis , Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene/analysis , Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene/blood , Female , Insecticides/analysis , Insecticides/blood , Liver/chemistry , Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Poisoning/pathology , Poisoning/veterinary , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysisABSTRACT
The island fox is listed as a threatened species in California. A serologic survey of 194 island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) was conducted over the entire range of the species on the Channel Islands (California, USA). Antibody prevalence against canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus reached 97% and 59%, respectively, in some populations sampled. Antibody prevalence of canine herpesvirus, canine coronavirus, leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis were low. Antibodies against canine distemper virus were not detected.
