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1.
PLoS One ; 16(5): e0252071, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34015050

ABSTRACT

Attalea palms provide primary habitat to Rhodnius spp., vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi. Flying from palms, these blood-sucking bugs often invade houses and can infect people directly or via food contamination. Chagas disease (CD) risk may therefore increase when Attalea palms thrive near houses. For example, Attalea dominate many deforested landscapes of eastern Amazonia, where acute-CD outbreaks are disturbingly frequent. Despite this possible link between deforestation and CD risk, the population-level responses of Amazonian Attalea and their resident Rhodnius to anthropogenic landscape disturbance remain largely uncharted. We studied adult Attalea palms in old-growth forest (OGF), young secondary forest (YSF), and cattle pasture (CP) in two localities of eastern Amazonia. We recorded 1856 Attalea along 10 transects (153.6 ha), and detected infestation by Rhodnius spp. in 18 of 280 systematically-sampled palms (33 bugs caught). Distance-sampling models suggest that, relative to OGF, adult Attalea density declined by 70-80% in CP and then recovered in YSF. Site-occupancy models estimate a strong positive effect of deforestation on palm-infestation odds (ßCP-infestation = 4.82±1.14 SE), with a moderate decline in recovering YSF (ßYSF-infestation = 2.66±1.10 SE). Similarly, N-mixture models suggest that, relative to OGF, mean vector density sharply increased in CP palms (ßCP-density = 3.20±0.62 SE) and then tapered in YSF (ßYSF-density = 1.61±0.76 SE). Together, these results indicate that disturbed landscapes may support between ~2.5 (YSF) and ~5.1 (CP) times more Attalea-dwelling Rhodnius spp. per unit area than OGF. We provide evidence that deforestation may favor palm-dwelling CD vectors in eastern Amazonia. Importantly, our landscape-disturbance effect estimates explicitly take account of (i) imperfect palm and bug detection and (ii) the uncertainties about infestation and vector density arising from sparse bug data. These results suggest that incorporating landscape-disturbance metrics into the spatial stratification of transmission risk could help enhance CD surveillance and prevention in Amazonia.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/parasitology , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Rhodnius/pathogenicity , Trypanosoma cruzi/pathogenicity , Animals , Ecosystem
2.
Epidemiol Serv Saude ; 29(1): e2018504, 2020.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32074196

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: to investigate Leishmania species in a series of autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases in Amapá State, Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: this was a descriptive ecological study carried out from January-October/2018 at a reference center for CL diagnosis in Amapá; individuals with CL receiving care from January-May/2018 were recruited; clinical data and skin biopsies were obtained; from extracted DNA (phenol-chloroform) we amplified the hsp70-234 gene region (PCR) for nucleotide sequencing (Applied Biosystems: ABI3500XL). RESULTS: 38 individuals were interviewed, examined and diagnosed; men predominated (28/38; mean age=32.5±11.3); lesions (most ulcers: 37/38) measuring 0,4-10mm (34/38) and ≥11mm (4/38) were multiple in 20/38 individuals; diagnosis of L. braziliensis (1), L. naiffi (1), L. infantum (1), L. (Viannia) sp. (1), L. amazonensis (2) and L. guyanensis (32); individuals infected with L. guyanensis (32/38) lived in 9/10 municipalities represented in the sample, and 17/32 of these had multiple lesions. CONCLUSION: presence of Leishmania guyanensis predominated and was frequently associated with multiple lesions.


Subject(s)
Leishmania guyanensis/isolation & purification , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/parasitology , Male , Middle Aged , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Population Surveillance , Sex Distribution , Young Adult
3.
Article in Portuguese | Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-945873

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: A leishmaniose tegumentar (LT) encontra-se em expansão no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Juruti é um dos 143 municípios desse Estado e atualmente cenário de grandes transformações ambientais devido à mineração de bauxita, o que poderá influenciar o padrão de transmissão. OBJETIVO: Este estudo buscou elucidar aspectos epidemiológicos relevantes para o controle da LT em Juruti. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A frequência de LT e o perfil dos pacientes no hospital municipal "Francisco Barros" foram determinados de janeiro a dezembro/2007. Espécies de flebotomíneos silvestres existentes no entorno de uma área de prospecção da bauxita foram também descritas, durante levantamento entomológico em janeiro/2008 (armadilha Shannon/18h às 20h/2 noites). Em 21 indivíduos, portadores de lesão cutânea suspeita de LT, biópsias de pele foram realizadas entre fevereiro e junho de 2007. Neste grupo procedeu-se ao diagnóstico parasitológico (esfregaço corado e cultura), molecular e teste intradérmico de Montenegro. Utilizaram-se sondas de DNA ribossomal (PCR-SSUrDNA) gênero-específicas (S4, S12; S17, S18) e de G6PD, para distinguir o subgênero Viannia (ISVC, ISVA: ISVC, ISVG) e a espécie L. (V.) braziliensis (ISVC, ISVA; ISVC, ISVB). RESULTADOS: No ano de 2007 foram confirmados 42 casos novos de LT, com média mensal inferior a quatro (3,5 ± 0,8), maior frequência em julho (11) e menor em junho e novembro (0). A maioria dos pacientes foi de homens (41/42, 98%) com menos de 20 anos (<10 anos: 30%; 10-20: 57%; 20-40: 12%). A maioria também residia em localidades rurais (33/42, 79%), incluindo áreas impactadas pela mineração (19/42, 45%), e exercia atividades de risco (28/42, 67%). Doze eram funcionários de empresas (29%). A análise molecular das 21 amostras identificou 12 resultados positivos para o gênero Leishmania (57%), sendo 11 (52%) parasitologicamente confirmados. A PCR-G6PD identificou 75% das amostras como sendo L. (V.) braziliensis. As demais (3/12, 25%) não hibridizaram


Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Epidemiological Monitoring , Leishmania , Leishmaniasis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Environment , Mining
4.
Rev. Pan-Amazônica Saúde (Online) ; 1(1): 117-124, 2010. graf
Article in Portuguese | Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-945883

ABSTRACT

Infusões das folhas, cascas e sementes de Campsiandra laurifolia Benth. (Fabaceae) são utilizadas por comunidade de negros descendentes de escravos (quilombolas) para o tratamento, principalmente, de leishmaniose cutânea (LC), feridas, úlceras e impigens. Extratos hidroalcóolicos e aquosos de C. laurifolia foram investigados para a atividade anti-Leishmania sobre promastigotas e amastigota de Leishmania (L.) amazonensis e resposta imunomoduladora: proliferação celular de esplenócitos e produção ON por macrófagos peritoniais de camundongos BALB/c. Os extratos hidroalcóolicos da casca e aquosos da folha e semente apresentaram reduzida atividade contra as formas amastigotas e promastigotas (<20 por cento) e o mesmo foi observado para a inibição da produção de ON por macrófagos ativados (<23 por cento). A maioria dos extratos revelou moderado potencial imunossupressor (32,6 por cento a 38,5 por cento), mas os extratos aquosos da semente (AS) inibiram em até 87 por cento o crescimento de esplenócitos de BALB/c estimulados com mitógenos. Tal atividade talvez explique a indicação quilombola de C. laurifolia para o tratamento de LC, pois o seu uso pode não estar associado majoritariamente com uma ação direta sobre o parasito, mas sim com uma atividade anti-inflamatória, de vez que, tal atividade diminui os danos teciduais causados pelo sistema imune em resposta à infecção e, consequentemente, ajuda na cicatrização das lesões leishmanióticas.


Infusions of leaves, bark and seeds of Campsiandra laurifolia Benth. (Fabaceae) are used by communities of African-American descendants of slaves (quilombolas) mainly for treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), wounds, ulcers and tinea. Hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of C. laurifolia were investigated for anti-Leishmania activity on promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and immunomodulatory responses, including cell proliferation of splenocytes and NO production by peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. The hydroalcoholic extracts of the bark and the aqueous extracts of the leaves and seeds presented a reduced activity against amastigotes and promastigotes (<20 percent), and the same result was observed for the inhibition of NO production by activated macrophages (<23 percent). Most of the extracts displayed a moderate immunosuppressive potential (32.6 to 38.5 percent); on the other hand, the aqueous extracts of seeds inhibited up to 87 percent of the growth of splenocytes of BALB/c mice stimulated with mitogens. Such activity may explain the use of C. laurifolia for the treatment of CL by quilombolas. Its use may not be mainly associated with a direct action on the parasite but with an anti-inflammatory activity because such activity decreases the tissue damage caused by the immune system in response to the infection and, consequently, aids the healing process of Leishmanial lesions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Leishmaniasis/therapy , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/analysis , Fabaceae/chemistry , Immunosuppression Therapy , Leishmania , Plants, Medicinal
5.
Rev. Pan-Amazônica Saúde (Online) ; 1(1): 107-116, 2010. graf, map, tab
Article in Portuguese | Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-945884

ABSTRACT

Realizaram-se ações de vigilância para leishmaniose visceral humana (LVH) em Juruti, município minerário do Estado do Pará. Foram selecionadas as localidades de Santa Maria (SM), periurbana, e Capiranga (CA), rural, com e sem LVH, respectivamente, para quatro inquéritos sorológicos semestrais (ELISA-Lisado) nas populações caninas (SM = 94; CA =45) e três levantamentos entomológicos (armadilhas luminosas CDC, 18-6hx4). Posteriormente, investigaram-se clínico e infecção por em 53 cães (SM = 28; CA = 25) com diagnóstico parasitológico (medula/linfa, Giemsa), molecular (leucócitos do sangue periférico, kDNA-PCR) e sorológico (ELISA), avaliando-se diferentes antígenos (Lisado, k39, Hsp83 - , curva ROC). Soroprevalências variaram em SM (45; 40; 15; 15 por cento) e CA (22; 30; 8,5; 0 por cento), com médias crescentes de IgG em SM(320; 378; 951; 1866; p<0,05), apesar da eutanásia de cães após segundo inquérito, e estáveis em CA (100; 159, 141; 0), onde não houve eutanásia. A frequência de spp diferiu em SM (279/296) e CA (4/6). Os resultados clínicos e laboratoriais assemelharam-se para cães de SM e CA, respectivamente, quanto à infecção (parasitológico: 86 e 84 por cento; kDNA-PCR: 100 por cento), clínico (assintomáticos: 43 e 56 por cneto; sintomáticos: 57 e 44 por cento) e especificidade no ELISA (100 por cento), mas variaram sensibilidades(Lisado: 44 e 18 por cento; Hsp83: 48 e 27 por cento; k39: 48 e 41 por cento) e níveis de IgG ( 6.400; 200). O perfil da infecção canina nas localidades com e sem transmissão de LVH diferiu apenas em níveis/evolução de IgG, o que torna necessária a temporalidade dos inquéritos, sobretudo em áreas silenciosas, isoladas com baixa densidade do vetor, onde seria dispensável a eutanásia de cães. O melhor teste sorológico foi ELISA-k39.


Surveillance actions for human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) were carried out in Juruti, a mining municipality in Pará State. A peri-urban (Santa Maria-SM) and a rural (Capiranga-CA) location were selected with or without HVL, respectively, for the execution of four biannual serologic inquiries (lysate ELISA) in canine populations (SM = 94, CA = 45) and three entomological surveys (CDC light traps, 18-6 h x4). Subsequently, the clinical status, as well as the infection by leishmania , was investigated in 53 dogs (SM = 28; CA = 25) with parasitological (bone marrow/lymph, Giemsa), molecular(peripheral blood leukocytes, kDNA-PCR) and serological (ELISA) diagnoses assessing different antigens (lysate, k39, Hsp83 - screen test, ROC curve). Seroprevalence varied in SM (45; 40; 15; 15 percent) and in CA (22; 30; 8.5; 0 percent), presenting increasing average IgG rates in SM (320; 378; 951; 1866; p <0.05) despite the euthanasia of dogs after the second survey, and stable average IgG rates in CA (100; 159; 141; 0), where euthanasia was not conducted. The frequency rates of lutzomyia longpalpis/Lutzomia spp. differed in SM (279/296) and CA (4/6). Clinical and laboratory results were similar for dogs from SM and CA, respectively: infection (parasitological examination: 86 and 84 percent; kDNA-PCR: 100 percent), clinical status (asymptomatic: 43 and 56 percent; symptomatic: 57 and 44 percent), and specificity by ELISA (100 percent). On the other hand, sensitivity (lysate: 44 and 18 percent; Hsp83: 48 and 27 percent; k39: 48 and 41 percent) and IgG levels ( 6,400; 200) varied, respectively. The profile of canine infection in localities with or without HVL transmission differed only in terms of the level/evolution of IgG, which makes the temporality of investigations necessary, especially in quiet and isolated areas that present a low vector density and where the euthanasia of dogs would become unnecessary. The best serological test was ELISA-k39.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Insect Vectors , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Dogs , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Epidemiological Monitoring , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
6.
Cad Saude Publica ; 25(10): 2291-5, 2009 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19851628

ABSTRACT

In a preliminary study in Juruti, a mining municipality in western Pará State, Brazil, 12 out of 21 patients suspected of presenting cutaneous leishmaniasis showed positive PCR (SSUrDNA and G6PD): Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (9/12; 75%) and L. (V.) sp. (3/12; 25%). Entomological studies in the same location revealed the presence of 12 different phlebotomine species (n =105). One of the most common species was Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) complexa (17%) which is both highly anthropophilic and a known vector of L. (V.) braziliensis in other regions of Pará. These preliminary findings should serve to guide future epidemiological surveillance in Juruti.


Subject(s)
Insect Vectors , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/etiology , Phlebotomus/parasitology , Animals , Brazil , Leishmania braziliensis/classification , Leishmania braziliensis/genetics , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission , Polymerase Chain Reaction
7.
Cad. saúde pública ; 25(10): 2291-2295, out. 2009. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-528873

ABSTRACT

In a preliminary study in Juruti, a mining municipality in western Pará State, Brazil, 12 out of 21 patients suspected of presenting cutaneous leishmaniasis showed positive PCR (SSUrDNA and G6PD): Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (9/12; 75 percent) and L. (V.) sp. (3/12; 25 percent). Entomological studies in the same location revealed the presence of 12 different phlebotomine species (n =105). One of the most common species was Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) complexa (17 percent) which is both highly anthropophilic and a known vector of L. (V.) braziliensis in other regions of Pará. These preliminary findings should serve to guide future epidemiological surveillance in Juruti.


Em um estudo preliminar em Juruti, um município minerário na região oeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil, 12 de 21 pacientes suspeitos de possuírem leishmaniose cutânea tiveram PCRs positivas (SSUrDNA e G6PD): Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (9/12; 75 por cento) e Leishmania (Viannia) sp. (3/12; 25 por cento). Estudos entomológicos na mesma localidade revelaram a presença de 12 diferentes espécies de flebotomíneos (n = 105). Uma das espécies mais comuns foi Lutzomyia (Psychodopygus) complexa (17 por cento) que é altamente antropofílica e reconhecida vetora de L. (V.) braziliensis em outras regiões do Estado do Pará. Esses resultados preliminares servem como orientação para futura vigilância epidemiológica em Juruti.


Subject(s)
Animals , Insect Vectors , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/etiology , Phlebotomus/parasitology , Brazil , Leishmania braziliensis/classification , Leishmania braziliensis/genetics , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission , Polymerase Chain Reaction
8.
Rev Soc Bras Med Trop ; 39(4): 333-6, 2006.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17119746

ABSTRACT

The occurrence of human pulmonary dirofilariasis maintains a relation with the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in the canine population. Several mosquito species are vectors of this nematode. Canine blood samples collected in Pingo d'Agua and União villages, Salvaterra municipality (Marajó Island, Pará), in June, 2004 (n = 34) and April, 2005 (N = 90) were analyzed. Parasitological and immunological (ELISA--kit SNAP(R) 3DX Biobrasil) diagnoses were compared following the examination of 34 samples. The prevalence in the population (N = 90) was evaluated by means of ELISA. ELISA revealed more positive samples (25/34; 73.5%) than thick smears (23/34, 67.6%) or Knott (21/34, 61.8%), but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). The frequency of D. immitis infection was 58% in dogs ranging from 0-2 years old, whereas in older dogs it was 100%. The prevalence of canine dirofilariasis was high in Pingo d'Agua and Vila União (53.5%), indicating the risk of parasite transmission to the people in this area.


Subject(s)
Antigens, Helminth , Dirofilaria immitis/isolation & purification , Dirofilariasis/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Dirofilaria immitis/immunology , Dirofilariasis/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dogs , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Feces/parasitology , Humans , Lung Diseases, Parasitic/transmission , Predictive Value of Tests , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity
9.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 39(4): 333-336, jul.-ago. 2006. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-439874

ABSTRACT

A ocorrência de dirofilariose pulmonar humana relaciona-se com a prevalência de infecção por Dirofilaria immitis na população canina. Várias espécies de mosquitos são vetores desse nematóide. Analisaram-se amostras de sangue canino coletados nas vilas Pingo d'Agua e União, município de Salvaterra (Ilha do Marajó, PA), em junho, 2004 (n=34) e abril, 2005 (N=90). Os diagnósticos parasitológico e imunológico (ELISA - kit SNAP® 3DX™, Biobrasil) foram comparados (chi2, alfa=0,05) no exame de 34 amostras. A prevalência na população (N=90) foi avaliada pelo ELISA. O ELISA revelou mais positivos (25/34; 73,5 por cento) que a gota espessa (23/34, 67,6 por cento) e o Knott (21/34, 61,8 por cento), mas a diferença não foi significativa (p>0,05). A freqüência de infecção por D. immitis na faixa de 0 a 2 anos foi 58 por cento, enquanto em cães mais velhos foi 100 por cento. A prevalência da dirofilariose canina em Pingo d'Agua e Vila União foi alta (53,5 por cento), indicando risco de transmissão do parasito às pessoas nessa área.


The occurrence of human pulmonary dirofilariasis maintains a relation with the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in the canine population. Several mosquito species are vectors of this nematode. Canine blood samples collected in Pingo d'Agua and União villages, Salvaterra municipality (Marajó Island, Pará), in June, 2004 (n=34) and April, 2005 (N=90) were analyzed. Parasitological and immunological (ELISA - kit SNAP® 3DX™, Biobrasil) diagnoses were compared following the examination of 34 samples. The prevalence in the population (N=90) was evaluated by means of ELISA. ELISA revealed more positive samples (25/34; 73.5 percent) than thick smears (23/34, 67.6 percent) or Knott (21/34, 61.8 percent), but the differences were not significant (p>0.05). The frequency of D. immitis infection was 58 percent in dogs ranging from 0-2 years old, whereas in older dogs it was 100 percent. The prevalence of canine dirofilariasis was high in Pingo d'Agua and Vila União (53.5 percent), indicating the risk of parasite transmission to the people in this area.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Dogs , Antigens, Helminth , Dirofilaria immitis/isolation & purification , Dirofilariasis/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Dirofilaria immitis/immunology , Dirofilariasis/diagnosis , Dirofilariasis/parasitology , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Feces/parasitology , Lung Diseases, Parasitic/transmission , Predictive Value of Tests , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity
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