The contribution of maternal factors to the oral microbiota of the child: Influence from early life and clinical relevance.

The mother represents one of the earliest sources of microorganisms to the child, influencing the acquisition and establishment of its microbiota in early life. However, the impact of the mother on the oral microbiota of the child from early life until adulthood remains to unveil. This narrative review aims to: i) explore the maternal influence on the oral microbiota of the child, ii) summarize the similarity between the oral microbiota of mother and child over time, iii) understand possible routes for vertical transmission, and iv) comprehend the clinical significance of this process for the child. We first describe the acquisition of the oral microbiota of the child and maternal factors related to this process. We compare the similarity between the oral microbiota of mother and child throughout time, while presenting possible routes for vertical transmission. Finally, we discuss the clinical relevance of the mother in the pathophysiological outcome of the child. Overall, maternal and non-maternal factors impact the oral microbiota of the child through several mechanisms, although the consequences in the long term are still unclear. More longitudinal research is needed to unveil the importance of early-life microbiota on the future health of the infant.

Characterization of Oral Enterobacteriaceae Prevalence and Resistance Profile in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a growing public-health concern worldwide. Patients exhibit compromised immunity and are more prone to infection than other populations. Therefore, oral colonization by clinically relevant members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, major agents of both nosocomial and dialysis-associated infections with frequent prevalence of antibiotic resistances, may constitute a serious risk. Thus, this study aimed to assess the occurrence of clinically relevant enterobacteria and their antibiotic resistance profiles in the oral cavity of CKD patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (CKD-PD) and compare it to healthy controls. Saliva samples from all the participants were cultured on MacConkey Agar and evaluated regarding the levels of urea, ammonia, and pH. Bacterial isolates were identified and characterized for antibiotic resistance phenotype and genotype. The results showed that CKD-PD patients exhibited significantly higher salivary pH, urea, and ammonia levels than controls, that was accompanied by higher prevalence and diversity of oral enterobacteria. Out of all the species isolated, only the prevalence of Raoultella ornithinolytica varied significantly between groups, colonizing the oral cavity of approximately 30% of CKD-PD patients while absent from controls. Antibiotic resistance phenotyping revealed mostly putative intrinsic resistance phenotypes (to amoxicillin, ticarcillin, and cephalothin), and resistance to sulfamethoxazole (~43% of isolates) and streptomycin (~17%). However, all isolates were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested and multidrug resistance isolates were only found in CKD-PD group (31,6%). Mobile genetic elements and resistance genes were detected in isolates of the species Raoultella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter asburiae, mostly originated from CKD-PD patients. PD-related infection history revealed that Enterobacteriaceae were responsible for ~8% of peritonitis and ~ 16% of exit-site infections episodes in CKD-PD patients, although no association was found to oral enterobacteria colonization at the time of sampling. The results suggest that the CKD-induced alterations of the oral milieu might promote a dysbiosis of the commensal oral microbiome, namely the proliferation of clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae potentially harboring acquired antibiotic resistance genes. This study highlights the importance of the oral cavity as a reservoir for pathobionts and antibiotic resistances in CKD patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.

Effect of uremic state in intestine through a co-culture in vitro intestinal epithelial model.

The progressive loss of renal function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to the accumulation of uremic toxins. Recent studies related uremic plasma as well dysbiotic gut microbiome to impaired intestinal barrier function, allowing the translocation of microorganisms or by-products from the intestinal lumen to systemic circulation, contributing to systemic inflammation, cardiovascular risk and progression of CKD. Our main goal was to evaluate the impact of different uremic conditions on an improved in vitro intestinal Caco-2/HT29-MTX/Raji B triple co-culture model. For that, the impact of CKD patients' plasma and elevated urea concentration and its by-products on the triple model was assessed. The results showed that uremic conditions did not potentiate the Escherichia coli (E. coli) translocation, although may interfere with the integrity and the permeability of the intestinal barrier. Also, results showed that E. coli translocation was higher in Caco-2 monoculture than in Caco-2/HT29-MTX/Raji B triple model, suggesting that the triple model creates a more effective intestinal barrier. This study allowed to conclude that the uremic state influences the integrity of the intestinal barrier, but this influence could not be directly translated in an increase on the E. coli translocation through the intestinal epithelium, at least in Caco-2/HT29-MTX/Raji B intestinal epithelial barrier model.

Um ensaio de transdisciplinaridade entre a loucura, o trabalho e a saúde / A essay of transdisciplinarity between madness, work and health

O presente artigo faz uma leitura do modo de produção de conhecimento na história da ciência e na sociedade moderna, contextualizando a crítica ao saber científico rigidamente organizado em disciplinas. Utilizam-se a loucura e o trabalho humano como exemplos de tentativas de explicação desses fenômenos dentro das diversas disciplinas, tendo a saúde como campo de desenvolvimento de processos de produção de novos significantes que podem contextualizar a existência dos indivíduos, submetida aos processos disciplinadores também no campo Saúde. Propõe dialogar sobre outras formas de saber e fazer buscando uma reorientação na produção do saber científico e para tanto discute o conceito de Transdisciplinaridade como um modo de produção de subjetividade que sustentaria o sujeito enquanto questionador, uma “atitude” em ato. (AU)

This paper is a reading mode of knowledge production in the history of science and modern society, situating the critique of scientific knowledge rigidly organized into subjects. Use is made the madness and the human labor as examples of attempts to explain these phenomena within the various disciplines, with health as a field of process development for production of new signifiers that can contextualize the existence of individuals, also referred to the disciplinary procedures in the field Health Proposes talk about other ways of knowing and seeking to make a shift in the production of scientific knowledge and to discuss both the concept of Transdisciplinarity as a mode ofproduction of subjectivity that would sustain the subject as questioning, an attitude in action. (AU)

Variation in phytate accumulation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) fruit explants

The in vitro synthesis of phytate was studied in common bean fruit explants. Different concentrations of sucrose; phosphorus (P); myo-inositol; abscisic acid (ABA); glutamine and methionine, were tested. Fixed concentrations of these compounds were tested at different periods (0, 3, 6 and 9 days). Variation in phytate coincided with different concentrations of sucrose, myo-inositol, P and ABA for the duration tested. These compounds caused an accumulation of phytate and were more effective in the presence of myo-inositol and P. The accumulation of P varied less than phytate for the different treatments tested in vitro. In conclusion, P, sucrose, ABA, and myo-inositol caused an increase in the phytate of bean seed, showing that it could be possible to alter its content by culturing bean fruit explants in vitro.

O fósforo é armazenado na forma de fitato nas sementes, o qual forma complexos estáveis e insolúveis com minerais e proteínas, conferindo efeito antinutriente. A síntese de fitato foi estudada em cultivo de explantes de fruto de feijão in vitro sob diferentes concentrações de sacarose, fósforo (P), mio-inositol, ácido abscísico (ABA), glutamina e metionina. Fixada a concentração destes compostos, testou-se os diferentes tempos de cultivo (0, 3, 6 e 9 dias). A variação no acúmulo de fitato ocorreu na presença de sacarose, mio-inositol, P e ABA nas diferentes concentrações e tempos testados. O acúmulo mais efetivo de fitato ocorreu na presença de mio-inositol e P. O acúmulo de P variou menos do que fitato em todos os tratamentos. Em conclusão, P, sacarose, ABA e mio-inositol causaram aumento no fitato acumulado nas sementes, mostrando que foi possível alterar a síntese de fitato em cultivo de explantes de fruto de feijão.

The induction of differentially expressed proteins of Xylella fastidiosa with citrus extract

Estudos in vitro foram desenvolvidos para obter proteínas de Xylella fastidiosa expressas diferencialmente na presença de calos do hospedeiro, citros cultivar Pêra. Para otimizar a indução, desenvolveu-se um meio de cultura comum, o qual foi baseado na seiva do xilema de citros, para cultivar a bacteria e os calos de Pêra. Dados mostraram, após 72 h de cultivo neste meio, 108 unidades formadoras de colônias de X. fastidiosa por mL, e 0,79 g de peso seco de células de Pêra. Após testar diferentes métodos de co-cultivo da bactéria com calos de Pêra neste meio, observou-se que a melhor taxa de indução ocorreu quando X. fastidiosa foi cultivada em meio sólido enriquecido com um extrato derivado dos calos de Pêra. Análise em gel bidimensional (2DE) de X. fastidiosa (120 µg) cultivadas na presença do extrato revelou 414 proteínas expressas diferencialmente quando comparado com o perfil proteico obtido na ausência do extrato.

Avaliaçäo de risco em uma área contaminada utilizando o modelo C-Soil: um estudo de caso / Risk assessment in a contaminated site using model C-Soil: a case study

Objetiva aplicar o modelo de avaliaçäo de risco C-soil em um caso real de contaminaçäo, numa área onde ocorreu a disposiçäo inadequada de resíduos industriais organoclorados, sendo que para essa avaliaçäo foram definidas etapas, a partir de adaptaçöes da metodologia de avaliaçäo de risco da U.S.EPA: coleta de dados, avaliaçäo da toxicidade, avaliaçäo da exposiçäo e caracterizaçäo do risco. Foram realizados levantamento das informaçöes disponíveis sobre os tipos de resíduos aterrados, concentraçöes dos contaminantes na mistura solo/resíduo, no solo e na água subterrânea, além das características geológicas e hidrogeológicas da área. As informaçöes referentes às variáveis da populaçäo potencialmente exposta e à duraçäo da exposiçäo foram obtidas através de pesquisa bibliográfica e visitas ao campo. Foram identificadas como integrantes da populaçäo potencialmente exposta à área contaminada, os funcionários que trabalham na manutençäo da área, funcionários da única empresa adjacente à área e os vigias da área. Dentre os compostos detectados nas análises realizadas foram selecionados o cloreto de vinila, o 1,2 dicloroetano, o 1,1,2 tricloroetano e o tetracloroetileno, em funçäo da sua toxicidade e da ampla distribuiçäo desses compostos na área. Na avaliaçäo de risco, foram considerados três meios de contato entre os contaminantes e a populaçäo potencialmente exposta: mistura solo/resíduo, solo e água subterrânea. Os resultados indicam a existência de risco à saúde das populaçöes potencialmente expostas quando consideradas as substâncias carcinogênicas (cloreto de vinila, 1,2 dicloroetano e tetracloroetileno). A principal via de exposiçäo foi a inalaçäo de vapores em ambiente interno, que seriam as construçöes localizadas sobre a área contaminada e em ambiente externo