Intercavity polariton slows down dynamics in strongly coupled cavities.

Band engineering stands as an efficient route to induce strongly correlated quantum many-body phenomena. Besides inspiring analogies among diverse physical fields, tuning on demand the group velocity is highly attractive in photonics because it allows unconventional flows of light. Λ-schemes offer a route to control the propagation of light in a lattice-free configurations, enabling exotic phases such as slow-light and allowing for highly optical non-linear systems. Here, we realize room-temperature intercavity Frenkel polaritons excited across two strongly coupled cavities. We demonstrate the formation of a tuneable heavy-polariton, akin to slow light, appearing in the absence of a periodic in-plane potential. Our photonic architecture based on a simple three-level scheme enables the unique spatial segregation of photons and excitons in different cavities and maintains a balanced degree of mixing between them. This unveils a dynamical competition between many-body scattering processes and the underlying polariton nature which leads to an increased fluorescence lifetime. The intercavity polariton features are further revealed under appropriate resonant pumping, where we observe suppression of the polariton fluorescence intensity.

CYCU-3: an Al(III)-based MOF for SO2 capture and detection.

The Al(III)-based MOF CYCU-3 exhibits a relevant SO2 adsorption performance with a total uptake of 11.03 mmol g-1 at 1 bar and 298 K. CYCU-3 displays high chemical stability towards dry and wet SO2 exposure. DRIFTS experiments and computational calculations demonstrated that hydrogen bonding between SO2 molecules and bridging Al(III)-OH groups are the preferential adsorption sites. In addition, photoluminescence experiments demonstrated the relevance of CYCU-3 for application in SO2 detection with good selectivity for SO2 over CO2 and H2O. The change in fluorescence performance demonstrates a clear turn-on effect after SO2 interaction. Finally, the suppression of ligand-metal energy transfer along with the enhancement of ligand-centered π* → π electronic transition was proposed as a plausible fluorescence mechanism.

Influence of NiO into the CO2 capture of Li4SiO4 and its catalytic performance on dry reforming of methane.

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology offer promising solution to mitigate the threatening consequences of large-scale anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Within this context, this report investigates the influence of NiO deposition on the Li4SiO4 surface during the CO2 capture process and its catalytic behavior in hydrogen production via dry methane reforming. Results demonstrate that the NiO impregnation method modifies microstructural features of Li4SiO4, which positively impact the CO2 capture properties of the material. In particular, the NiO-Li4SiO4 sample captured twice as much CO2 as the pristine Li4SiO4 material, 6.8 and 3.4 mmol of CO2 per gram of ceramic at 675 and 650 °C, respectively. Additionally, the catalytic results reveal that NiO-Li4SiO4 yields a substantial hydrogen production (up to 55 %) when tested in the dry methane reforming reaction. Importantly, this conversion remains stable after 2.5 h of reaction and is selective for hydrogen production. This study highlights the potential of Li4SiO4 both a support and a captor for a sorption-enhanced dry reforming of methane. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showcasing the effectiveness of Li4SiO4 as an active support for Ni-based catalysis in the dry reforming of methane. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of this composite as a dual-functional material for carbon dioxide capture and conversion.

Linezolid@MOF-74 as a host-guest system with antimicrobial activity.

Linezolid (LNZ) is a new-generation synthetic molecule for the antibacterial treatment of severe infections, particularly in infective cases where the bacterial resistance to first-choice drugs is caused by Gram-positive pathogens. In this context, since 2009, some strains resistant to LNZ in patients with long-term treatments have been reported. Therefore, there is a need to use not only new drug molecules with antibacterial activities in the dosage form but also a different approach to pharmacotherapeutic strategies for skin infections, which lead to a reduction in the concentration of biocides. This work explores LNZ hosted at two isostructural MOFs, MOF-74(Zn) and MOF-74(Cu), as promising antimicrobial systems for gradual biocide release within 6 h. These systems reach a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in comparison to free LNZ. Even a decreased MIC value is also observed, which is an encouraging result regarding the efficiency of the systems to control concentration-dependent antimicrobial resistance.

Tuning the band gap of M-doped titanate nanotubes (M = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu): an experimental and theoretical study.

Herein, we report a systematic experimental and theoretical study about a wide-ranged band gap tuning of protonated titanate nanotubes H2Ti3O7 (Ti-NT) by an easy ion-exchange method using a low concentration (1 wt%) of transition metal cations. To characterize and describe the effect of M doping (M = Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Fe3+) on the electronic, optical and structural properties, semiconductors were analyzed by a combination of experimental methods and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The nanotube band gap can be modified from 1.5 to 3.3 eV, which opens the possibility to use them in several optoelectronic applications such as photocatalysts under solar light irradiation.

Functionalized NU-1000 with an Iridium Organometallic Fragment: SO2 Capture Enhancement.

A new material, MOF-type [Ir]@NU-1000, was accessed from the incorporation of the iridium organometallic fragment [Ir{κ3(P,Si,Si)PhP(o-C6H4CH2SiiPr2)2}] into NU-1000. The new material incorporates less than 1 wt % of Ir(III) (molar ratio Ir to NU-1000, 1:11), but the heat of adsorption for SO2 is significantly enhanced with respect to that of NU-1000. Being a highly promising adsorbent for SO2 capture, [Ir]@NU-1000 combines exceptional SO2 uptake at room temperature and outstanding cyclability. Additionally, it is stable and can be regenerated after SO2 desorption at low temperature.

Partially Reversible H2S Adsorption by MFM-300(Sc): Formation of Polysulfides.

The metal-organic framework (MOF)-type MFM-300(Sc) exhibits a combined physisorption and chemisorption capture of H2S, leading to a high uptake (16.55 mmol g-1) associated with high structural stability. The irreversible chemisorbed sulfur species were identified as low-order polysulfide (n = 2) species. The isostructural MFM-300(In) was demonstrated to promote the formation of different polysulfide species, paving the way toward a new methodology to incorporate polysulfides within MOFs for the generation of novel MOF-lithium/sulfur batteries.

A detailed description of the CO molecule adsorbed in InOF-1.

CO is extremely toxic to humans since it can combine with haemoglobin to form carboxy-haemoglobin that reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), in particular InOF-1, are currently receiving preferential attention for the separation and capture of CO. In this investigation we report a theoretical study based on periodic density-functional-theory (DFT) analysis and matching experimental results (in situ DRIFTS). The aim of this article is to describe the non-covalent interactions between the functional groups of InOF-1 and the CO molecule since they are crucial to understand the adsorption mechanism of these materials. Our results show that the CO molecule mainly interacts with the µ2-OH hydroxo groups of InOF-1 through O-HO hydrogen bonds, and Cπ interactions by the biphenyl rings of the MOF. These results provide useful information on the CO adsorption mechanisms in InOF-1.

Dry reforming of methane over nickel supported on Nd-ceria: enhancement of the catalytic properties and coke resistance.

Nickel (5 wt%) supported on Nd-doped ceria was studied as catalysts in the DRM reaction at stoichiometric conditions in the range of 600-800 °C. Ce1-x Nd x O2-δ supports with different Nd contents (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2) were successfully synthesized. The role of oxygen vacancies by the incorporation of Nd3+ into the ceria lattice was investigated. These species were quantified by XRD and Raman spectroscopy, showing a linear dependence as a function of Nd content. Ni/Nd-ceria catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation. Although formation of oxygen vacancies, as well as microstructural features of the support (smaller crystallite sizes, higher surface area, and developed mesoporous structure) were improved as a function of the Nd content, no significant differences were observed in the catalytic properties of Ni/Nd-ceria in the DRM reaction. Despite this, compared to undoped ceria, all the Nd-doped CeO2 catalysts present an enhanced activity and stability, and the best catalytic performance was observed in the Ni/Ce0.95Nd0.05O2-δ sample. Quantification of carbon residues in spent catalysts showed, as expected, lower amounts in the Ni/Nd-ceria samples; nevertheless, among them, the catalyst with the higher amount of oxygen vacancies, is the one with the higher carbon residues. Incorporation of Nd in ceria changes the acid/base properties, diminishing the gasification capacity of the carbonaceous species. These results emphasize that the activity and stability in the Ni/Nd-ceria catalysts for the DRM reaction depend on two key factors, the redox and the acid/base properties of the CeO2 supports, offering insights about the necessary and adequate balance between these properties.

Importance of the Nanofluid Preparation for Ultra-Low Interfacial Tension in Enhanced Oil Recovery Based on Surfactant-Nanoparticle-Brine System Interaction.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the preparation of the nanofluids based on the interactions between the surfactants, nanoparticles, and brine for being applied in ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT) for an enhanced oil recovery process. Three methodologies for the addition of the salt-surfactant-nanoparticle components for the formulation of an efficient injection fluid were evaluated: order of addition (i) salts, nanoparticles, and surfactants, (ii) salts, surfactants, and then nanoparticles, (iii) surfactants, nanoparticles, and then salts. Also, the effects of the total dissolved solids and the surfactant concentration were evaluated in the interfacial tension for selecting the better formulation of the surfactant solution. Three nanoparticles of different chemical natures were studied: silica gel (SiO2), alumina (γ-Al2O3), and magnetic iron core-carbon shell nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized using dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential, N2 physisorption at -196 °C, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the interactions between the surfactant, different types of nanoparticles, and brine were investigated through adsorption isotherms for the three methodologies. The nanofluids based on the different nanoparticles were evaluated through IFT measurements using the spinning drop method. The adsorbed amount of surfactant mixture on nanoparticles decreased in the order of alumina > silica gel > magnetic iron core-carbon shell nanoparticles. The minimum IFT achieved was 1 × 10-4 mN m-1 following the methodology II at a core-shell nanoparticle dosage of 100 mg L-1.

Relevance of hydrogen bonding in CO2 capture enhancement within InOF-1: an energy and vibrational analysis.

The enhancement of CO2 capture due to the confinement of polar molecules within InOF-1 was previously demonstrated. In particular, the presence of MeOH produced 1.30-fold increase in the total CO2 capture. This was explained before with the presence of hydrogen bonds. However, a detailed analysis of the hydrogen bonds among µ2-OH functional groups, MeOH molecules and CO2 molecules was not elucidated; moreover, the possible mechanisms that could explain the enhancement of the capture were also not explained. In this investigation, the density functional theory (DFT) periodic calculations and experimental in situ DRIFTS results allowed us to postulate four plausible CO2 adsorption mechanisms for MeOH-functionalised InOF-1, which described the hydrogen bonds and rationalised the nature of the CO2 capture enhancement.

Confined toluene within InOF-1: CO2 capture enhancement.

The toluene adsorption properties of InOF-1 are studied along with the confinement of small amounts of this non-polar molecule revealing a 1.38-fold increase in CO2 capture, from 5.26 wt% under anhydrous conditions to 7.28 wt% with a 1.5 wt% of pre-confined toluene at 298 K. The InOF-1 affinity towards toluene was experimentally quantified by ΔH ads (-46.81 kJ mol-1). InOF-1 is shown to be a promising material for CO2 capture under industrial conditions. Computational calculations (DFT and QTAIM) and DRIFTs in situ experiments provided a possible explanation for the experimental CO2 capture enhancement by showing how the toluene molecule is confined within InOF-1, which constructed a "bottleneck effect".

Smoking and prostate cancer: a life course analysis.

BACKGROUND: Inconsistent associations between smoking status and prostate cancer (PC) could be due to exposure assessment error. Reconstructing smoking behaviors over the life course could reduce exposure assessment error. METHODS: As part of a case-control study, we identified 402 incident and histologically confirmed PC cases that were matched by age (±5 years) to 805 population controls. Through direct interview, we obtained information about: age at smoking onset, intensity and frequency of cigarette smoking at different life stages, and smoking cessation age. Smoking status at interview and average smoking index over the lifetime (packs/year) were estimated. Life course smoking patterns were obtained applying the k-means+ method for longitudinal data to the smoking index (pack/year) for each life stage. RESULTS: Two life-course smoking patterns were identified among ever smokers: "pattern A" characterized by males who reported low and constant smoking intensity (87.8%), and "pattern B" (12.2%) males with an initial period of low intensity, followed by an increase during the second period. Compared to never smokers, pattern B was associated with higher poorly differentiated PC, (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.21-4.38). No association was observed with average smoking index. CONCLUSION: Life course smoking patterns seem to capture the smoking variability during life course and reduce the likelihood of reverse causation. Using this assessment strategy our findings support the potential role of tobacco smoking in PC, particularly poorly differentiated PC. Prospective studies with comprehensive smoking history during the lifetime are needed to confirm these findings.

Efficacy of Tamsulosin, Oxybutynin, and their combination in the control of double-j stent-related lower urinary tract symptoms.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Indwelling double J ureteral stents are used routinely in the resolution of ureteral obstruction caused by different etiologies. Evaluation of urinary symptoms related to double-J stent, indicate that these affect 73-90% of patients. We conducted a prospective, randomized study, to evaluate the efficacy of tamsulosin, oxybutinin and combination therapy in improving the urinary symptoms. METHODS: Patients who underwent ureteral stent placement after ureterolithotripsy (total 51), were randomized into three groups: Group I: Tamsulosin 0.4 mg. Once per day(17 patients), Group II: Oxybutinin 5 mg. once per day (17 patients), Group III: Tamsulosin+ oxybutynin once per day (17 patients). All the groups received the drugs for three weeks and completed a Spanish validated Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) at day 7 and 21. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA showed mean urinary symptom index score was 22.3 vs. 15.5 in group three (p<0.001) at day 7 and 21 respectively. The mean work performance index was 6.6 vs 8.1 (p=0.049) favoring tamsulosin group, the mean sexual score was 0.5 vs 1.5 (p=0.03). Among additional problems the mean was 7.2 vs 6.2 (p=0.03). No significant difference was noted among pain and general health index. No side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy with tamsulosin and oxybutynin improved irritative symptoms and work performance as well as sexual matters. Combination therapy should be considered for patients who complained of stent related symptoms.

Efficacy of Tamsulosin, Oxybutynin, and their combination in the control of double-j stent-related lower urinary tract symptoms

ABSTRACT Introduction and objective Indwelling double J ureteral stents are used routinely in the resolution of ureteral obstruction caused by different etiologies. Evaluation of urinary symptoms related to double-J stent, indicate that these affect 73-90% of patients. We conducted a prospective, randomized study, to evaluate the efficacy of tamsulosin, oxybutinin and combination therapy in improving the urinary symptoms. Methods Patients who underwent ureteral stent placement after ureterolithotripsy (total 51), were randomized into three groups: Group I: Tamsulosin 0.4 mg. once per day(17 patients), Group II: Oxybutinin 5 mg. once per day (17 patients), Group III: Tamsulosin+ oxybutynin once per day (17 patients). All the groups received the drugs for three weeks and completed a Spanish validated Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) at day 7 and 21. Results Repeated measures ANOVA showed mean urinary symptom index score was 22.3 vs. 15.5 in group three (p<0.001) at day 7 and 21 respectively. The mean work performance index was 6.6 vs 8.1 (p=0.049) favoring tamsulosin group, the mean sexual score was 0.5 vs 1.5 (p=0.03). Among additional problems the mean was 7.2 vs 6.2 (p=0.03). No significant difference was noted among pain and general health index. No side effects were reported. Conclusions Combination therapy with tamsulosin and oxybutynin improved irritative symptoms and work performance as well as sexual matters. Combination therapy should be considered for patients who complained of stent related symptoms.

History of gonorrhea and prostate cancer in a population-based case-control study in Mexico.

UNLABELLED: We evaluated the association between a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the risk for prostate cancer (PC) among Mexican males. METHODS: PC incident cases (n=402) that were identified at six public hospitals in Mexico City were matched by age (±5 years) with 805 population controls with no history of PC. By face-to-face interview, we obtained information about sexual history, previous STDs, sociodemographic characteristics, and familial history of PC. An unconditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the risk for PC. RESULTS: A total of 16.6% of men reported having had at least one previous STD, and the most frequently reported STD was gonorrhea (10.5%). After adjusting by PC familial history, the history of STD was associated with a two-fold greater risk of PC: odds ratio (OR)=2.67; 95% confidence interval (95% CI=1.91-3.73). When each STD was evaluated separately, only gonorrhea was associated with a significant increase in PC risk (OR=3.04; 95% CI=1.99-4.64). These associations were similar when we stratified by low-risk PC (Gleason <7) and high-risk PC (Gleason ≥7). CONCLUSION: These results confirm that STDs, and particularly gonorrhea, may play an etiological role in PC among Mexican males, which is consistent with a previous report from a multiethnic cohort.

A comparative study on the use of tamsulosin versus alfuzosin in spontaneous micturition recovery after transurethral catheter removal in patients with benign prostatic growth.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of tamsulosin and alfuzosin in patients with acute urinary retention (AUR) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: Ninety men with AUR due to BPH underwent urinary catheterization and were randomly assigned to treatment groups with tamsulosin 0.4 mg (37 patients), alfuzosin 10 mg (34 patients), and placebo (19 patients). After 4 days of the drug treatment, the catheters were removed, and the patients underwent trial without catheter (TWOC). A TWOC was considered successful if the patient had a voided volume >100 ml and post-void residual urine <200 ml. RESULTS: TWOC was successful in 16 patients (43.2 %) in the tamsulosin group, 12 patients (35.2 %) in the alfuzosin group, and 5 patients (26.3 %) in the placebo group. Logistic regression analysis showed that both drugs were equally effective and that the type of alpha-blocker was not a predictive factor for TWOC success (OR 1.137, 95 % CI 0.639-2.022) (p = 0.662). CONCLUSION: Even though there were no statistically significant differences when comparing the three groups, tamsulosin showed a tendency to be more effective in a successful catheter removal. The lack of objective criteria in the definition of successful micturition leads us to believe that the effectiveness of both drugs reported in the literature is overestimated.

Traumatismo duodenales: análisis de la experiencia en dos centros / Duodenal trauma: analysis of experience in two centers

Antecedentes: Los traumatismos duodenales son poco frecuentes. Sin embargo, su morbimortalidad sigue siendo elevada. Objetivo: Mostrar la experiencia de dos centros que reciben patología traumática abdominal con frecuencia. Lugar de realización: Hospital Interzonal de Agudos Dr. Diego Paroissien y el Complejo Hospitalario Churruca-Visca. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo. Población: Entre enero de 1995 hasta diciembre del 2004 fueron tratados en ambos hospitales 88 pacientes con traumatismos duodenales. De ellos, 14 eran de sexo femenino y 74 masculinos. La edad promedio fue de 35 años. Ochenta lesiones fueron por heridas de bala, seis por arma blanca y dos por traumatismo confuso. Método: Siguiendo la escala de severidad lesional de la Asociación Americana de Cirujanos de Trauma (AAST), hallaron: 10 lesiones grado I, 39 lesiones grado II, 26 lesiones grado III, 5 lesiones grado IV y 8 lesiones grado V. En lesiones grado I se observaron dos hematomas y se suturaron y drenaron 8. En lesiones grado II se realizaron 21 suturas y drenajes, 12 operaciones de Jordan y 6 de Berne. En lesiones grado III se realizaron 10 operaciones de Jordan, 8 de Berne y 8 duodenayeyuno anastomosis. En lesiones grado IV se realizaron 2 operaciones de Jordan y 3 suturas y drenajes. En las 8 lesiones grado V se realizaron 5 suturas y drenajes, 2 suturas y drenajes con packing y una duodenopancreatectomía. Resultados: Hubo 56 complicaciones locales (14 tempranas, 12 mediatas y 14 tardías). y 94 complicaciones generales (41 tempranas, 30 mediatas y 23 tardías). La mortalidad de la serie fue de 26,1%. Conclusiones: A nuestro parecer, lo más importante de la presente serie es que son lesiones poco frecuentes, pueden pasar desapercibidas con relativa frecuencia, son dificiles de diagnosticar cuando están en medio de un gran hematoma retroperitoneal, la tendencia en las lesiones de menor grado es realizar sutura más drenaje y exclusión pilórica. En lesiones grado V, realizar contro del daño.

Traumatismo duodenales: análisis de la experiencia en dos centros / Duodenal trauma: analysis of experience in two centers

Antecedentes: Los traumatismos duodenales son poco frecuentes. Sin embargo, su morbimortalidad sigue siendo elevada. Objetivo: Mostrar la experiencia de dos centros que reciben patología traumática abdominal con frecuencia. Lugar de realización: Hospital Interzonal de Agudos Dr. Diego Paroissien y el Complejo Hospitalario Churruca-Visca. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo. Población: Entre enero de 1995 hasta diciembre del 2004 fueron tratados en ambos hospitales 88 pacientes con traumatismos duodenales. De ellos, 14 eran de sexo femenino y 74 masculinos. La edad promedio fue de 35 años. Ochenta lesiones fueron por heridas de bala, seis por arma blanca y dos por traumatismo confuso. Método: Siguiendo la escala de severidad lesional de la Asociación Americana de Cirujanos de Trauma (AAST), hallaron: 10 lesiones grado I, 39 lesiones grado II, 26 lesiones grado III, 5 lesiones grado IV y 8 lesiones grado V. En lesiones grado I se observaron dos hematomas y se suturaron y drenaron 8. En lesiones grado II se realizaron 21 suturas y drenajes, 12 operaciones de Jordan y 6 de Berne. En lesiones grado III se realizaron 10 operaciones de Jordan, 8 de Berne y 8 duodenayeyuno anastomosis. En lesiones grado IV se realizaron 2 operaciones de Jordan y 3 suturas y drenajes. En las 8 lesiones grado V se realizaron 5 suturas y drenajes, 2 suturas y drenajes con packing y una duodenopancreatectomía. Resultados: Hubo 56 complicaciones locales (14 tempranas, 12 mediatas y 14 tardías). y 94 complicaciones generales (41 tempranas, 30 mediatas y 23 tardías). La mortalidad de la serie fue de 26,1%. Conclusiones: A nuestro parecer, lo más importante de la presente serie es que son lesiones poco frecuentes, pueden pasar desapercibidas con relativa frecuencia, son dificiles de diagnosticar cuando están en medio de un gran hematoma retroperitoneal, la tendencia en las lesiones de menor grado es realizar sutura más drenaje y exclusión pilórica. En lesiones grado V, realizar contro del daño.(AU)

Traumatismo renal: nefropreservación o nefrectomía / renal traumatism: nefropreservation or nefrectomia

Objetivo: Evaluar las causas que llevaron a la nefrectomía y señalar las indicaciones actuales de la cirugía conservadora en el riñon traumatizado. Material y Métodos: De febrero de 1997 a febrero de 2003 se realizaron 1143 laparotomías exploradoras por traumatismos abdominales; 89 presentaron lesión renal. Se determinó la tasa de compromiso renal según corresponda a traumatismos cerrados o abiertos, así como su etiología. Se usó la clasificación de la American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Renal Injury Scaling. Se registró evolución y complicaciones por las lesiones renales. Se realizó la reconstrucción renal, en ausencia de inestabilidad hemodinámica persistente y de coagulopatía. Resultados: De los 89 casos tratados, en 50 se realizó nefrectomía (56%) y en los 39 restates (43,8%) cirugía conservadora. De los pacientes nefroctomizados (50 casos), el 54% (27 casos) no presentaron "shock" y las lesiones eran grado III (5 casos) y grado IV (22 casos), en 9 de estos últimos las lesiones estaban localizadas a nivel mesorrenal. El 71,9% presentó lesiones asociadas. Discusión: El tratamiento quirúrgico tiene 2 principios básicos: control de la hemorragia y preservación del tejido renal. La indicación absoluta de exploración se aplica a pacientes con trauma externo y sangrado renal persistente. La exploración emergente surge de la inestabilidad hemodinámica persistente; el hematoma en expansión, y la hemorragia activa con posibilidad de lesión renal de alto grado. Conclusiones: Los traumatismos renales penetrantes siempre obligan a efectuar exploración. El método de reconstrucción renal está dictado por el grado y la localización de la lesión y no por la asociación de lesiones intraabdominales. Son indicación de nefrectomía: el estallido renal, las lesiones grado V irreparables, las lesiones graves del péndulo vascular principal, la hemorragia descontrolada y el estado hemodinámico inestable.