Usefulness of Opuntia spp. on the Management of Obesity and Its Metabolic Co-Morbidities.

The plants of the Opuntia genus mainly grow in arid and semi-arid climates. Although the highest variety of wild species is found in Mexico, Opuntia spp. is widely distributed throughout the world. Extracts of these cacti have been described as important sources of bioactive substances that can have beneficial properties for the prevention and treatment of certain metabolic disorders. The objective of this review is to summarise the presently available knowledge regarding Opuntia ficus-indica (nopal or prickly pear), and some other species (O. streptacantha and O. robusta) on obesity and several metabolic complications. Current data show that Opuntia ficus-indica products used in preclinical studies have a significant capacity to prevent, at least partially, obesity and certain derived co-morbidities. On this subject, the potential beneficial effects of Opuntia are related to a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation markers. Nevertheless, clinical studies have evidenced that the effects are highly contingent upon the experimental design. Moreover, the bioactive compound composition of nopal extracts has not been reported. As a result, there is a lack of information to elucidate the mechanisms of action responsible for the observed effects. Accordingly, further studies are needed to demonstrate whether Opuntia products can represent an effective tool to prevent and/or manage body weight and some metabolic disorders.

Association of Physical Fitness and Anthropometric Parameters With Lung Function in 7-Year-Old Children.

PURPOSE: Associations between health-related parameters and lung function remain unclear in childhood. The study aims to evaluate the relationship between physical fitness and anthropometric parameters with the lung function of healthy scholar-aged children. METHOD: A total of 418 children aged 7 years old participated in this study. The associations of physical fitness (handgrip strength, standing broad jump, and 800-m run) and anthropometric (waist circumference and body mass index) parameters with lung function (forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s) were analyzed using a mixed-linear regression model. RESULTS: Girls had significantly lower forced vital capacity values (P = .006) and physical fitness (P < .030) compared to boys. On mixed-linear regression analyses, waist circumference (P = .003) was independently associated with forced vital capacity, explaining 34.6% of its variance, while handgrip strength (P = .042) and waist circumference (P = .010) were independently associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second, accounting together for 26.5% of its variance in 7-year-old healthy children. CONCLUSIONS: Handgrip strength and waist circumference were associated with lung function in healthy children highlighting the influence of upper body muscular strength and trunk dimension on lung function. Our results corroborate the need to promote physical fitness during childhood to protect against lung complications in later on in life.

Unveiling the crystal and magnetic texture of iron oxide nanoflowers.

Iron oxide nanoflowers (IONF) are densely packed multi-core aggregates known for their high saturation magnetization and initial susceptibility, as well as low remanence and coercive field. This study reports on how the local magnetic texture originating at the crystalline correlations among the cores determines the special magnetic properties of individual IONF over a wide size range from 40 to 400 nm. Regardless of this significant size variation in the aggregates, all samples exhibit a consistent crystalline correlation that extends well beyond the IONF cores. Furthermore, a nearly zero remnant magnetization, together with the presence of a persistently blocked state, and almost temperature-independent field-cooled magnetization, support the existence of a 3D magnetic texture throughout the IONF. This is confirmed by magnetic transmission X-ray microscopy images of tens of individual IONF, showing, in all cases, a nearly demagnetized state caused by the vorticity of the magnetic texture. Micromagnetic simulations agree well with these experimental findings, showing that the interplay between the inter-core direct exchange coupling and the demagnetizing field is responsible for the highly vortex-like spin configuration that stabilizes at low magnetic fields and appears to have partial topological protection. Overall, this comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the impact of crystalline texture on the magnetic properties of IONF over a wide size range, offering a deeper understanding of their potential applications in fields such as biomedicine and water remediation.

Effects of intermittent pneumatic compression on the recovery of cardiovascular parameters after repeated sprint exercise.

PURPOSE: Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) applies gradual pressure to facilitate lymph and blood flow movement to reduce exercise-induced tissue fluid accumulation and plasma volume loss. This study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular system response during the recovery with IPC compared with passive recovery (Sham). METHODS: Sixteen volunteers (7 females and 9 males) executed a cycling-based exhausting sprint interval exercise (8 × 20 s all out), followed by a 30-min IPC or Sham condition. Participants performed two trials in a randomised, counterbalanced, and crossover design. Several cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure, heart function, and peripheral vascular resistance) were recorded at baseline (5'), through the recovery protocol (30'), and afterwards (5'). RESULTS: The use of IPC during the recovery phase led to a faster recovery, stated in relative values to pre-exercise, in mean blood pressure (102.5 ± 19.3% vs. 92.7 ± 12.5%; P < 0.001), and cardiac output (139.8 ± 30.0% vs. 146.2 ± 40.2%; P < 0.05) in comparison to Sham condition. Furthermore, during the IPC-based recovery, there was a slower recovery in cardiac pressure change over time (92.5 ± 25.8% vs. 100.5 ± 48.9%; P < 0.05), and a faster return to pre-exercise values in the peripheral vascular resistance (75.2 ± 25.5% vs. 64.8 ± 17.4%; P < 0.001) compared to Sham. CONCLUSION: The application of IPC after high-intensity exercise promotes the recovery of the cardiovascular system, reducing cardiovascular strain. Future investigations should consider the effects on the sympathetic-parasympathetic balance, such as heart rate variability, to assess further bonds between the use of IPC and autonomous control.

Changes in brown adipose tissue induced by resveratrol and its analogue pterostilbene in rats fed with a high-fat high-fructose diet.

Natural bioactive compounds have attracted a great deal of attention since some of them can act as thermogenesis activators. In recent years, special interest has been placed on resveratrol and its analogue pterostilbene, a dimethylether derivative that shows higher bioavailability. The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of resveratrol and its derivative pterostilbene on the thermogenic capacity of interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) in rats under a high-fat high-fructose diet. Rats were divided into four experimental groups: control, high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHF) and HFHF diet supplemented with 30 mg/kg body weight/day of pterostilbene (PT30) or resveratrol (RSV30), for eight weeks. Weights of adipose tissues, iBAT triglycerides, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and citrate synthase (CS) activities, protein levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), sirtuins (SIRT1 and 3), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), glucose transporter (GLUT4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), nuclear respiratory factor (NRF1), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), CD36 and FATP1 fatty acid transporters, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC1) activation and the batokines EPDR1 and NRG4 were assessed in iBAT. The results show that some key proteins related to thermogenesis were modified by either pterostilbene or resveratrol, although the lack of effects on other crucial proteins of the thermogenic machinery suggest that these compounds were not able to stimulate this process in iBAT. Overall, these data suggest that the effects of stilbenes on brown adipose tissue thermogenic capacity depend on the metabolic status, and more precisely on the presence or absence of obesity, although further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Lung diffusing capacity after different modalities of exercise at sea level and hypobaric simulated altitude of 4.000 m / Capacidad de difusión pulmonar bajo diferentes modalidades de ejercicio a nivel del mar y en hipoxia hipobárica simulada de 4.000 m

Introduction: Lung diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) provides a measure of gas transfer in the lungs, which increase in relation to exercise and decrease in the presence of lung interstitial disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in lung diffusion after anaerobic and aerobic exercise in a cycle ergometer. Material and method: The participants were 9 healthy active subjects, including six females and three males (age: 24.3 ± 3.1 years). Lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was studied under two different protocols: In the first day, DLCO was measured at SL at rest (SL-R), after 30-s maximal exercise (SL-ANA), and after 15-min moderate continuous exercise (SL-AER). In the second day, DLCO was evaluated at rest at SL, and then at HA (4,000 m) at rest (HA-R) and after 30-min of moderate interval exercise (HA-AER). Results: There was an increase in DLCO from rest to after SL-ANA (32.5 ± 6.4 to 40.3 ± 11.6 mL·min-1·mmHg-1, P = 0.027). In the second day, DLCO was evaluated at rest at SL, and then at HA (4,000 m) at rest (HA-R) and after 30-min of moderate interval exercise (HA-AER). During HA exposure, there was no changes in DLCO, either at HA-R, or after HA-AER. Conclusions: Lung diffusion capacity largely increased after 30-s maximal exercise in a cycle ergometer, although the O2-dependence is small during this type of anaerobic exercise. Thus, exercise intensity may be a key modulator of the changes in lung diffusing capacity in relation to exercise.(AU)

Introducción: La difusión pulmonar para el monóxido de carbono (DLCO) proporciona una medida de la transferencia de gas en los pulmones, que aumenta con relación al ejercicio y disminuye en presencia de una lesión intersticial pulmonar. El objetivo de este estudio es fue evaluar los cambios en la difusión pulmonar después de un ejercicio aeróbico y anaeróbico en cicloergómetro. Material y método: Los participantes fueron 9 sujetos físicamente activos, incluyendo seis mujeres (edad: 24,6 ± 3,6 años) y tres hombres (edad: 23,7 ± 1,5 años). La DLCO se estudió bajo dos protocolos diferentes: El primer día, la DLCO fue medida a nivel del mar en reposo (SL-R), después de un esfuerzo máximo de 30 segundos (SL-ANA), y después de un ejercicio moderado continuo de 15-min (SL-AER). El segundo día, la DLCO fue evaluada a nivel del mar en reposo (SL-R, y luego en altitud (4.000 m) en reposo (HA-R) y después de un ejercicio interválico de 30 minutos (HA-AER). Resultados: Se produjo un aumento de la DLCO de la SL-R a la SL-ANA (32,5 ± 6,4 a 40,3 ± 11,6 mL·min-1·mmHg-1, p = 0,027). En el segundo día, la DLCO no se modificó después de la exposición en altitud, ya sea en reposo a 4.000 m (HA-R) o después del ejercicio interválico moderado a dicha intensidad (HA-AER). Conclusiones: La difusión pulmonar aumentó ampliamente después de un esfuerzo máximo de 30 segundos en cicloergómetro, aunque la dependencia del oxígeno en este tipo de esfuerzos es pequeña. La intensidad del esfuerzo es un modulador determinante en las modificaciones de la difusión pulmonar con relación al ejercicio.(AU)

Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Maximal Inspiratory Pressure Without Increasing Performance in Elite Swimmers.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP) and performance of elite swimmers. METHODS: Eight participants performed a 3000-m swimming test (T-3000), followed by blood lactate measurements at 1 and 5 minutes postexercise.. The testing protocol was carried out before and after 6 weeks of IMT, in which a high-volume IMT group (HV-IMT) (n = 4) performed IMT twice a day-in the morning in a seated position and in the afternoon in a concurrent session of IMT and core muscle training. Also, a low-volume IMT group (LV-IMT) (n = 4) performed IMT in the morning session only. RESULTS: After the intervention, both groups improved their MIP, HV-IMT (132.75 [27.42] to 156.75 [21.88] cmH2O; P = .010; d = 0.967) and LV-IMT (149.25 [22.82] to 171.50 [23.74] cmH2O; P = .013; d = 0.955), without a significant difference between groups (P = .855). Regarding swimming performance, there were no changes between groups in the T-3000 (P = .472) or lactate removal rate (P = .104). CONCLUSION: IMT increased inspiratory muscle strength in elite swimmers, but there was no association or meaningful impact on swimming performance.

Sexual Dimorphism in Brown Adipose Tissue Activation and White Adipose Tissue Browning.

The present narrative review gathers the studies reported so far, addressing sex differences in the effects of cold exposure, feeding pattern and age on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning. In rodents, when exposed to decreasing temperatures, females activate thermogenesis earlier. Results obtained in humans go in the same line, although they do not provide results as solid as those obtained in rodents. Regarding the effects of overfeeding, interesting sex differences on BAT thermogenic capacity have been reported, and the greater or lower sensitivity of each sex to this dietary situation seems to be dependent on the type of feeding. In the case of energy restriction, females are more sensitive than males. In addition, sex differences have also been observed in thermogenesis changes induced by phenolic compound administration. During sexual development, an increase in BAT mass and BAT activity takes place. This phenomenon is greater in boys than in girls, probably due to its relation to muscle-mass growth. The opposite situation takes place during ageing, a lifespan period where thermogenic capacity declines, this being more acute in men than in women. Finally, the vast majority of the studies have reported a higher susceptibility to developing WAT browning amongst females. The scarcity of results highlights the need for further studies devoted to analysing this issue, in order to provide valuable information for a more personalised approach.

Swimming Exercise for Patients With Long-Term Respiratory Post COVID-19 Complications: Further Thinking on the Pulmonary Rehabilitation

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Variability in the Beneficial Effects of Phenolic Compounds: A Review.

When analysing the beneficial effects of phenolic compounds, several factors that exert a clear influence should be taken into account. The content of phenolic compounds in foods is highly variable, directly affecting individual dietary intake. Once ingested, these compounds have a greater or lesser bioaccessibility, defined as the amount available for absorption in the intestine after digestion, and a certain bioavailability, defined as the proportion of the molecule that is available after digestion, absorption and metabolism. Among the external factors that modify the content of phenolic compounds in food are the variety, the cultivation technique and the climate. Regarding functional foods, it is important to take into account the role of the selected food matrix, such as dairy matrices, liquid or solid matrices. It is also essential to consider the interactions between phenolic compounds as well as the interplay that occurs between these and several other components of the diet (macro- and micronutrients) at absorption, metabolism and mechanism of action levels. Furthermore, there is a great inter-individual variability in terms of phase II metabolism of these compounds, composition of the microbiota, and metabolic state or metabotype to which the subject belongs. All these factors introduce variability in the responses observed after ingestion of foods or nutraceuticals containing phenolic compounds.

Sodium chloride injection to treat opioid overdose; Does it work? A preclinical study.

Opioid overdoses (ODs) are increasing in Mexico's northern border. Because naloxone is usually not available, witnesses inject common salt (NaCl) into a vein of OD victims in an attempt to help them regain consciousness. Despite this widespread practice, no preclinical studies have addressed the efficacy of NaCl as an opioid antidote. Here we tested saline solutions at different concentrations. Because the highest (31.6 %) caused tail necrosis, we selected 17.7 % as a hypertonic saline solution (HSS) to determine if it could prevent the lethal effect of morphine (Mor), fentanyl (Fen), or Mor + Fen in adult Wistar male rats. We also evaluated if NaCl could modify the opioid antagonist effect of naloxone. Our results show that HSS: a) sensitizes animals to thermal but not mechanical stimuli; b) does not prevent mortality caused by high morphine or fentanyl doses; c) decreases the latency to recovery from the sedative effects caused by low doses of morphine or fentanyl; and d) increases naloxone's efficacy to prevent the lethality produced by Mor or Fen, but not by Mor + Fen. These results suggest that HSS is marginally effective in shortening the recovery time from nonfatal opioid ODs and increases naloxone's efficacy to counteract opioid-induced ODs.

Stroking Rates of Open Water Swimmers during the 2019 FINA World Swimming Championships.

The aim of the present research was to examine the stroking rate (SR) values of successful and non-successful swimmers in the 10 km and 25 km races of the FINA 2019 World Swimming Championships. Data from 175 participants (95 men and 80 female) were classified according to their finishing positions. There were no meaningful differences in the overall SR values displayed by successful or non-successful participants during the 10 km and 25 km open water races of the FINA 2019 World Swimming Championships. However, there were changes in the SR throughout the races that depended on the swimmer's performance group and gender. Successful swimmers in the 10 km event typically displayed even SR in the first 5 km but, unlike the remaining performance groups, increased their SR at some point in the second 5 km of the race. In the 25 km race, successful female swimmers presented an even SR profile for most of the race, whereas successful males presented a more variable profile. Nevertheless, no relationships between partial or average SR and finishing positions occurred, either in the 10 km or in the 25 km race. Changes in the SR values should be included in the race plan of open water swimmers according to tactical and pacing strategies.

Acute Changes in Lung Diffusing Capacity After Training in Elite Swimmers / Cambios en la capacidad de difusión pulmonar después del entrenamiento en nadadores de élite

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Severe Hypoxic Exercise Does Not Impair Lung Diffusion in Elite Swimmers.

García, Iker, Franchek Drobnic, Casimiro Javierre, Victoria Pons, and Ginés Viscor. Severe hypoxic exercise does not impair lung diffusion in elite swimmers. High Alt Med Biol. 22:90-95, 2021. Background: Exercise performed at high altitude may cause a subclinical pulmonary interstitial edema that can worsen gas exchange function. This study aimed to evaluate whether there are changes in alveolar-capillary diffusion after exercise during a short-term exposure to hypobaric hypoxia in elite swimmers. Materials and Methods: Seven elite swimmers (age: 20.4 ± 1.4 years, height: 1.78 ± 10.8 m, body mass: 69.7 ± 11.1 kg) participated in the study. Diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), transfer coefficient of carbon monoxide, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SpO2), and heart rate (HR) were measured at sea level at rest (SL-R), and after a short-term hypobaric hypoxia exposure (4,000 m), both at rest (HA-R) and at the end of moderate interval exercise (HA-E). Results: The combined exposure to high altitude and exercise did not change DLCO from SL-R to HA-R, or HA-E (43.8 ± 9.8 to 41.3 ± 10.5 to 42.4 ± 8.6 ml minutes-1 mmHg-1, p = 0.391). As expected, elite swimmers showed large decrease in SpO2 (72 ± 5; p < 0.001) and increase in HR (139 ± 9 beats minutes-1; p < 0.003) after HA-E. Conclusions: An acute high-altitude exposure combined with submaximal exercise does not change alveolar-capillary diffusion in elite swimmers.

Lung capacity and alveolar gas diffusion in aquatic athletes: Implications for performance and health

Background: The diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) provides a measure of gas transfer in the lungs. Endurance training does not increase lung volumes or diffusion in land-based athletes. However swimmers have larger lungs and better diffusion capacity than other matched athletes and controls.PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate pulmonary alveoli-capillary diffusion and lung volumes in elite aquatic athletes, specifically swimmers, artistic swimmers and water polo players.MethodsThe participants were 64 international level aquatic athletes including 31 swimmers (11 female and 20 male), 12 artistic swimmers (only female), and 21 water polo players (10 female and 11 male). The single-breath method was used to measure DLCO and pulmonary parameters.ResultsThe main finding of this study is that DLCO is high in aquatic athletes, clearly above their reference values, both in females (33.4±9.4mLmin−1·mmHg−1; 135%) and males (48.0±5.83mLmin−1·mmHg−1; 148%). There was no difference in DLCO between female swimmers, artistic swimmers and water polo players (34.7±8.3 to 33.4±4.0 to 32.1±5.6mLmin−1·mmHg−1), but male swimmers had a higher DLCO compared to water polo players (50.4±5.3 to 43.4±7.0, p=0.014).ConclusionsAquatic athletes have larger lungs and better diffusion capacity than the percentage predicted by age and height. Therefore, swimming-based sports could help to improve pulmonary function in many different segments of the population. (AU)

Changes in Lung Diffusing Capacity of Elite Artistic Swimmers During Training.

Artistic swimmers (AS) are exposed to repeated apnoeas in the aquatic environment during high intensity exercise provoking specific physiological responses to training, apnoea, and immersion. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in lung diffusing capacity in AS pre-, mid- and post-training in a combined session of apnoeic swimming, figures and choreography. Eleven elite female AS from the Spanish national team were the study's participants. The single-breath method was used to measure lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and one-way repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to evaluate the statistical analysis. Basal values of DLCO were higher than normal for their age and height (33.6±4.9 mL·min-1·mmHg-1; 139±19%) and there were a significant interaction between DLCO and AS training (ŋ2 p=0.547). After the apnoeic swimming (mid-training) there was an increase in DLCO from basal to 36.7±7.3 mL·min-1·mmHg-1 (p=0.021), and after the figures and choreography (post-training) there was a decrease compared to mid-training (32.3±4.6 mL·min-1·mmHg-1, p=0.013). Lung diffusing capacity changes occur during AS training, including a large increase after apnoeic swimming. There were no differences in lung diffusing capacity from pre- to post-training, although large inter-individual variability was observed.