Physical activity and its relationship to burden and health concerns in family caregivers of people with dementia.

BACKGROUND: Caring for people with dementia (PwD) usually triggers stress and leads to mental and somatic health complaints (SHCs). Physical activity (PA) can provide burden relief in PwD caregivers, but it is not clear whether PA habits would contribute to reducing SHCs. This study aims to analyze the effect of PA on the relationship between burden and SHCs in a sample of family caregivers of PwD. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-seven caregivers of PwD reported their PA habits, and completed the Giessen's Subjective Health Complaints Questionnaire (GBB-8) and the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). The relationship between PA habits, burden of care (ZBI), and SHCs (B-GBB-8 scale) was examined. Subsequently, the moderating effect of PA habits on the relationship between burden and SHCs was tested. RESULTS: PA habit was inversely associated with ZBI (rbp = -0.242) and GBB-8 scores (rbp (Gastrointestinal) = -0.174; rbp (Musculoskeletal) = -0.195; rbp (Exhaustion) = -0.247; rbp (Cardiovascular) = -0.250; and rbp (Overall) = -0.257, respectively), whereas moderate positive correlations were found between ZBI and GBB-8 scores (r (Gastrointestinal) = 0.483; r (Musculoskeletal) = 0.536; r (Exhaustion) = 0.542; r (Cardiovascular) = 0.438; and r (Overall) = 0.598, respectively). The interaction effect of PA habit and burden was significant for the overall SHCs (b = -0.11; P < 0.05) and cardiovascular complaints (b = -0.06; P < 0.05). However, the association between burden and SHCs was significant (P < 0.001) only for sedentary caregivers. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that maintaining an active lifestyle through regular PA could potentially help alleviate the adverse effects of caregiver burden on somatic health among caregivers of PwD. Encouraging and endorsing PA interventions for informal caregivers might yield substantial advantages for their health and general well-being.

Does the d2 Test of Attention only assess sustained attention? Evidence of working memory processes involved.

The d2 Test of Attention (d2) is widely used for assessing sustained attention and we aimed at verifying whether working memory may be a secondary construct measured by d2. 70 university students were assessed using d2 conventional paper-and-pencil and computational version. The experimental group and control group performed the task with or without target key, respectively. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and N-back (1 and 2-back) tasks were used to measure sustained attention and working memory, respectively. Computational d2 performance was predicted by CPT (p < .05; R2 = .15) in the experimental group, and it was predicted by 2-back (p < .05; R2 = .28) in the control group. Conventional d2 performance was predicted by 2-back for both control group (p = .01; R2 = .20) and experimental group (p = .02, R2 = .17). Results suggest the involvement of working memory in d2, possibly a secondary construct assessed by this instrument.

Neutral and negative mood induction in executive tasks of working memory.

The mood induction paradigm has been an important tool for investigating the effects of negative emotional states on working memory (WM) executive functions. Though some evidence showed that negative mood has a differential effect on verbal and visuospatial WM, other findings did not report a similar effect. To explore this issue, we examined the negative mood's impact on verbal and visuospatial WM executive tasks based on grammatical reasoning and visuospatial rotation. Participants with no anxiety or depression disorders performed the tasks before and after negative (n = 14) or neutral (n = 13) mood induction. Participants' mood at the beginning and the end of the session was assessed by the Present Mood States List (LEAP) and word valence rating. The analyses showed changes in the emotional state of the negative group (ps < .03) but not of the neutral group (ps > .83) in the LEAP instrument. No significant differences between groups were observed in the WM tasks (ps > .33). Performance in the visuospatial WM task improved after mood induction for both groups (p < .05), possibly due to a practice effect. In sum, our findings challenge the view that negative mood modulates WM executive functions; thus, they were discussed considering the similarities and differences between studies that found negative mood effects on WM and those that did not find. Different WM tasks tap distinct processes and components, which may underlie behavioral effects of negative mood on WM tasks.

Free Recall of Bound Information Held in Short-Term Memory is Unimpaired by Age and Education.

OBJECTIVES: It has been challenging to identify cognitive markers to differentiate healthy brain aging from neurodegeneration due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) that are not affected by age and education. The Short-Term Memory Binding (STMB) showed not to be affected by age or education when using the change detection paradigm. However, no previous study has tested the effect of age and education using the free recall paradigm of the STMB. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate age and education effects on the free recall version of the STMB test under different memory loads. METHODS: 126 healthy volunteers completed the free recall STMB test. The sample was divided into five age bands and into five education bands for comparisons. The STMB test assessed free recall of two (or three) common objects and two (or three) primary colors presented as individual features (unbound) or integrated into unified objects (bound). RESULTS: The binding condition and the larger set size generated lower free recall scores. Performance was lower in older and less educated participants. Critically, neither age nor education modified these effects when compared across experimental conditions (unbound v. bound features). CONCLUSIONS: Binding in short-term memory carries a cost in performance. Age and education do not affect such a binding cost within a memory recall paradigm. These findings suggest that this paradigm is a suitable cognitive marker to differentiate healthy brain aging from age-related disease such as AD.

Cross-modal working memory binding and learning of visual-phonological associations in children with reading difficulties.

Reading decoding requires the association of a visual input (the printed word) with a verbal output (the spoken word), and the learning of visual-phonological associations via repeated exposure occurs both explicitly (by instruction and training) and implicitly (by exposure to written material). However, a general ability to implicitly learn visual-phonological associations (or cross-modal bindings) in children with reading difficulties (RD) has not been deeply explored. The present paper examined this issue in two studies comparing groups of children with RD with matched groups of control children in a working memory binding task involving sequences of variable combinations of nonsense shapes and nonwords (odd trials), as well as fixed combinations (even trials). Stimuli presentation was followed by a recognition test in which the nonwords were given one at a time and the children were required to mouse click on their respective shapes. In Study 1, fixed bindings were presented in random sequences across even trials, and the recognition test presented the nonwords at random. In Study 2, fixed bindings were presented in the same order across even trials, and the recognition test presented the nonwords following the same sequence order. In both studies, a consistent and strong learning effect of fixed bindings was observed for the control groups, with significantly better performance than the groups with RD. Such results suggest that poor cross-modal binding learning is associated with reading difficulties. Implications for the study and treatment of dyslexia are discussed.

Irrelevant sound interference on phonological and tonal working memory in musicians and nonmusicians.

BACKGROUND: Working memory refers to the cognitive system responsible for the temporary storage and maintenance of information, but it remains controversial whether overlapping processes underlie the temporary retention of verbal and musical information such as words and tones. METHODS: Participants with little or no musical training (n = 22) and professional musicians (n = 21) were administered four memory tasks. Two tasks (tone sequence recognition and pseudoword sequence recall) aimed at comparing groups' performance for tonal or phonological material separately. Other two memory tasks investigated pseudoword and tone recognition under three conditions during the retention interval (silence, irrelevant words, or irrelevant tones). RESULTS: Musicians were better than nonmusicians in tone sequence recognition but not in pseudoword sequence recall. There were no interference effects of irrelevant tones or words on pseudoword recognition, and only irrelevant tones significantly interfered with tone recognition. CONCLUSIONS: Our results offer further support that tone recognition is specifically impaired by irrelevant tones, but irrelevant words did not disrupt pseudoword or tone recognition. Although these results do not reflect a double-dissociation pattern between phonological and tonal working memory, they provide evidence that temporary retention of tonal information is subject to specific tonal interference, indicating that working memory for tones involves specific processes.

A Cross-Modal Working Memory Binding Span Deficit in Reading Disability.

Successful reading demands the ability to combine visual-phonological information into a single representation and is associated with an efficient short-term memory. Reading disability may consequently involve an impaired working memory binding of visual and phonological information. The present study proposes two span tasks for assessing visual-phonological working memory binding. The tasks involved memorizing cross-modal associations between nonsense figures and nonwords, and they were administered, with other working memory measures, to children with and without a reading disability. The tasks required recognizing which figure was associated with a given nonword and recalling which nonword was associated with a given figure. Children with a reading disability had a similar significant deficit in both cross-modal binding tasks when compared with the control children, and the difference remained significant even after controlling for other verbal and nonverbal working memory measures. The cross-modal binding tasks described here seem to capture a core aspect of working memory associated with reading and may be a useful procedure for assessing reading disabilities.

Irrelevant sound interference on phonological and tonal working memory in musicians and nonmusicians

Abstract Background: Working memory refers to the cognitive system responsible for the temporary storage and maintenance of information, but it remains controversial whether overlapping processes underlie the temporary retention of verbal and musical information such as words and tones. Methods: Participants with little or no musical training (n = 22) and professional musicians (n = 21) were administered four memory tasks. Two tasks (tone sequence recognition and pseudoword sequence recall) aimed at comparing groups' performance for tonal or phonological material separately. Other two memory tasks investigated pseudoword and tone recognition under three conditions during the retention interval (silence, irrelevant words, or irrelevant tones). Results: Musicians were better than nonmusicians in tone sequence recognition but not in pseudoword sequence recall. There were no interference effects of irrelevant tones or words on pseudoword recognition, and only irrelevant tones significantly interfered with tone recognition. Conclusions: Our results offer further support that tone recognition is specifically impaired by irrelevant tones, but irrelevant words did not disrupt pseudoword or tone recognition. Although these results do not reflect a double-dissociation pattern between phonological and tonal working memory, they provide evidence that temporary retention of tonal information is subject to specific tonal interference, indicating that working memory for tones involves specific processes.

Pragmatics of language and theory of mind in children with dyslexia with associated language difficulties or nonverbal learning disabilities.

The present study aims to find empirical evidence of deficits in linguistic pragmatic skills and theory of mind (ToM) in children with dyslexia with associated language difficulties or nonverbal learning disabilities (NLD), when compared with a group of typically developing (TD) children matched for age and gender. Our results indicate that children with dyslexia perform less well than TD children in most of the tasks measuring pragmatics of language, and in one of the tasks measuring ToM. In contrast, children with NLD generally performed better than the dyslexia group, and performed significantly worse than the TD children only in a metaphors task based on visual stimuli. A discriminant function analysis confirmed the crucial role of the metaphors subtest and the verbal ToM task in distinguishing between the groups. We concluded that, contrary to a generally-held assumption, children with dyslexia and associated language difficulties may be weaker than children with NLD in linguistic pragmatics and ToM, especially when language is crucially involved. The educational and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Local and global processing in block design tasks in children with dyslexia or nonverbal learning disability.

Visuo-constructive and perceptual abilities have been poorly investigated in children with learning disabilities. The present study focused on local or global visuospatial processing in children with nonverbal learning disability (NLD) and dyslexia compared with typically-developing (TD) controls. Participants were presented with a modified block design task (BDT), in both a typical visuo-constructive version that involves reconstructing figures from blocks, and a perceptual version in which respondents must rapidly match unfragmented figures with a corresponding fragmented target figure. The figures used in the tasks were devised by manipulating two variables: the perceptual cohesiveness and the task uncertainty, stimulating global or local processes. Our results confirmed that children with NLD had more problems with the visuo-constructive version of the task, whereas those with dyslexia showed only a slight difficulty with the visuo-constructive version, but were in greater difficulty with the perceptual version, especially in terms of response times. These findings are interpreted in relation to the slower visual processing speed of children with dyslexia, and to the visuo-constructive problems and difficulty in using flexibly-experienced global vs local processes of children with NLD. The clinical and educational implications of these findings are discussed.

Deficits in visual short-term memory binding in children at risk of non-verbal learning disabilities.

It has been hypothesized that learning disabled children meet short-term memory (STM) problems especially when they must bind different types of information, however the hypothesis has not been systematically tested. This study assessed visual STM for shapes and colors and the binding of shapes and colors, comparing a group of children (aged between 8 and 10 years) at risk of non-verbal learning disabilities (NLD) with a control group of children matched for general verbal abilities, age, gender, and socioeconomic level. Results revealed that groups did not differ in retention of either shapes or colors, but children at risk of NLD were poorer than controls in memory for shape-color bindings.

Memória de trabalho fonológica, atenção visual e leitura em crianças de 5ª e 6ª séries do ensino fundamental / Phonological working memory, visual attention, and reading in children in 5th and 6th grades of fundamental school / Memoria de trabajo fonológica, atención visual y lectura en los niños de 5º e 6º grado de la escuela primaria

ResumoNeste estudo avaliamos a memória de trabalho fonológica, a atenção visual e a habilidade de leitura em 37 escolares (16 meninas e 21 meninos) de 5ª série (média de 11,3 anos) e de 6ª série (média de 12,2 anos). Os participantes passaram pelo subteste de leitura do Teste de Desempenho Escolar, por um teste de atenção visual (paradigma de Posner) e por três testes de memória de trabalho fonológica (palavras, pseudopalavras e dígitos). Crianças de ambas as séries apresentaram desempenho semelhante nas tarefas de leitura e memorização de dígitos. As crianças de 6ª série foram mais rápidas no teste de atenção visual e recordaram mais palavras e pseudopalavras que as crianças de 5ª série. Os resultados indicam o aumento na velocidade de processamento e maturação da memória de trabalho dos 11 aos 13 anos, mas o teste de memória para dígitos não detectou essa diferença.(AU)

AbstractIn this study we investigated phonological working memory, visual attention, and reading in 37 scholars (16 girls and 21 boys), fifth (mean age of 11.3 years) and sixth graders (mean age of 12.2 years). The participants were administered a reading subtest from an academic achievement test, a visual attention task (Posner paradigm), and three phonological working memory tests (words, pseudowords, and digits). Children from both grades had similar performances in reading and working memory for digits. Sixth graders had faster reaction times in the visual attention task, and they recalled more words and pseudowords than fifth graders. The results indicate the increase of processing speed and the development of working memory from 11 to 13 years, but the digit span test did not detect this change.(AU)

ResumenMemoria de trabajo fonológica, atención visual y lectura en los niños de 5º e 6º grado de la escuela primaria. Este estudio evaluó la memoria de trabajo fonológica, atención visual y capacidad de lectura en 37 niños (16 niñas y 21 niños) de quinto grado (media 11,3 años) y sexto grado (media 12,2 años). Los participantes respondieron al test de lectura del Teste de Desempenho Escolar, a una tarea de atención visual (paradigma de Posner) y a tres tareas de memoria de trabajo fonológica (palabras, pseudopalabras y dígitos). Los niños de ambas series presentan el mismo rendimiento en las tareas de lectura y memorización de dígitos. Los niños de sexto grado fueron más rápidos en la tarea de atención visual y recordaron más palabras y pseudopalabras. Los resultados indican un aumento en la velocidad de procesamiento y la maduración de la memoria de trabajo de 11 a 13 años, pero la tarea de memoria para los dígitos no detectó esta diferencia.(AU)

Memória de trabalho fonológica, atenção visual e leitura em crianças de 5ª e 6ª séries do ensino fundamental / Phonological working memory, visual attention, and reading in children in 5th and 6th grades of fundamental school / Memoria de trabajo fonológica, atención visual y lectura en los niños de 5º e 6º grado de la escuela primaria

Neste estudo avaliamos a memória de trabalho fonológica, a atenção visual e a habilidade de leitura em 37 escolares (16 meninas e 21 meninos) de 5ª série (média de 11,3 anos) e de 6ª série (média de 12,2 anos). Os participantes passaram pelo subteste de leitura do Teste de Desempenho Escolar, por um teste de atenção visual (paradigma de Posner) e por três testes de memória de trabalho fonológica (palavras, pseudopalavras e dígitos). Crianças de ambas as séries apresentaram desempenho semelhante nas tarefas de leitura e memorização de dígitos. As crianças de 6ª série foram mais rápidas no teste de atenção visual e recordaram mais palavras e pseudopalavras que as crianças de 5ª série. Os resultados indicam o aumento na velocidade de processamento e maturação da memória de trabalho dos 11 aos 13 anos, mas o teste de memória para dígitos não detectou essa diferença.

In this study we investigated phonological working memory, visual attention, and reading in 37 scholars (16 girls and 21 boys), fifth (mean age of 11.3 years) and sixth graders (mean age of 12.2 years). The participants were administered a reading subtest from an academic achievement test, a visual attention task (Posner paradigm), and three phonological working memory tests (words, pseudowords, and digits). Children from both grades had similar performances in reading and working memory for digits. Sixth graders had faster reaction times in the visual attention task, and they recalled more words and pseudowords than fifth graders. The results indicate the increase of processing speed and the development of working memory from 11 to 13 years, but the digit span test did not detect this change.

Memoria de trabajo fonológica, atención visual y lectura en los niños de 5º e 6º grado de la escuela primaria. Este estudio evaluó la memoria de trabajo fonológica, atención visual y capacidad de lectura en 37 niños (16 niñas y 21 niños) de quinto grado (media 11,3 años) y sexto grado (media 12,2 años). Los participantes respondieron al test de lectura del Teste de Desempenho Escolar, a una tarea de atención visual (paradigma de Posner) y a tres tareas de memoria de trabajo fonológica (palabras, pseudopalabras y dígitos). Los niños de ambas series presentan el mismo rendimiento en las tareas de lectura y memorización de dígitos. Los niños de sexto grado fueron más rápidos en la tarea de atención visual y recordaron más palabras y pseudopalabras. Los resultados indican un aumento en la velocidad de procesamiento y la maduración de la memoria de trabajo de 11 a 13 años, pero la tarea de memoria para los dígitos no detectó esta diferencia.

Deficits in working memory, reading comprehension and arithmetic skills in children with mouth breathing syndrome: analytical cross-sectional study / Déficits de memória operacional, compreensão de leitura e habilidades aritméticas em crianças com síndrome da respiração oral: estudo transversal analítico

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Mouth breathing syndrome is very common among school-age children, and it is possibly related to learning difficulties and low academic achievement. In this study, we investigated working memory, reading comprehension and arithmetic skills in children with nasal and mouth breathing. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional study with control group conducted in a public university hospital. METHODS: 42 children (mean age = 8.7 years) who had been identified as mouth breathers were compared with a control group (mean age = 8.4 years) matched for age and schooling. All the participants underwent a clinical interview, tone audiometry, otorhinolaryngological evaluation and cognitive assessment of phonological working memory (numbers and pseudowords), reading comprehension and arithmetic skills. RESULTS: Children with mouth breathing had poorer performance than controls, regarding reading comprehension (P = 0.006), arithmetic (P = 0.025) and working memory for pseudowords (P = 0.002), but not for numbers (P = 0.76). CONCLUSION: Children with mouth breathing have low academic achievement and poorer phonological working memory than controls. Teachers and healthcare professionals should be aware of the association of mouth breathing with children's physical and cognitive health. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A síndrome da respiração oral é muito comum em crianças em idade escolar, e está possivelmente relacionada a dificuldades de aprendizagem e baixo rendimento escolar. Neste estudo, investigamos memória operacional, compreensão de leitura e habilidades aritméticas em crianças com respiração nasal e oral. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal analítico com grupo controle realizado em hospital universitário público. MÉTODOS: 42 crianças (média = 8,7 anos) identificadas com respiração oral foram comparadas a um grupo controle (média = 8,4 anos) e pareadas por idade e escolaridade. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a entrevista clínica, audiometria tonal, avaliação otorrinolaringológica e avaliação cognitiva da memória operacional fonológica (números e pseudopalavras), compreensão de leitura e aritmética. RESULTADOS: Crianças com respiração oral tiveram desempenho significativamente inferior ao de respiradores nasais em compreensão de leitura (P = 0,006), aritmética (P = 0,025) e memória operacional para pseudopalavras (P = 0,002), mas não para números (P = 0,76). CONCLUSÕES: Crianças com respiração oral apresentam baixo rendimento escolar e menor memória operacional fonológica em comparação ao grupo controle. Professores e profissionais da saúde devem atentar para a associação da respiração oral com a saúde física e cognitiva das crianças. .

Deficits in working memory, reading comprehension and arithmetic skills in children with mouth breathing syndrome: analytical cross-sectional study.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Mouth breathing syndrome is very common among school-age children, and it is possibly related to learning difficulties and low academic achievement. In this study, we investigated working memory, reading comprehension and arithmetic skills in children with nasal and mouth breathing. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional study with control group conducted in a public university hospital. METHODS: 42 children (mean age = 8.7 years) who had been identified as mouth breathers were compared with a control group (mean age = 8.4 years) matched for age and schooling. All the participants underwent a clinical interview, tone audiometry, otorhinolaryngological evaluation and cognitive assessment of phonological working memory (numbers and pseudowords), reading comprehension and arithmetic skills. RESULTS: Children with mouth breathing had poorer performance than controls, regarding reading comprehension (P = 0.006), arithmetic (P = 0.025) and working memory for pseudowords (P = 0.002), but not for numbers (P = 0.76). CONCLUSION: Children with mouth breathing have low academic achievement and poorer phonological working memory than controls. Teachers and healthcare professionals should be aware of the association of mouth breathing with children's physical and cognitive health.

Precisão, sensibilidade e confiança na percepção háptica de peso na presença ou ausência de movimento e visão / Precision, sensitivity and confidence in haptic perception of weight in the presence or absence of movement and vision / Precisión, sensibilidad y confiabilidad en la percepción háptica de peso en la presencia o ausencia de movimiento y visión

Esta pesquisa investigou a influência do movimento muscular e da visão na precisão, sensibilidade e nível de confiança na percepção háptica de peso. Os participantes compararam pesos colocados sobre as palmas das mãos e, conforme a condição experimental, podiam movimentar ou não os braços, bem como visualizar ou não suas mãos e os estímulos. Os resultados mostraram que a precisão e a sensibilidade foram influenciadas pelo movimento e, em menor grau, pela visão. Em geral, o movimento leva à maior precisão e mais sensibilidade, e a contribuição da visão ocorreu nas condições sem movimento. O nível de confiança não foi influenciado pelo movimento, mas foi influenciado pela visão, sobretudo nas condições sem movimento. O nível de confiança foi congruente à precisão dos julgamentos somente na ausência de visão, sugerindo um conhecimento implícito da precisão.(AU)

In this research we investigated the influence of muscle movement and vision in precision, sensitivity and level of confidence in the haptic perception of weight. The participants compared objects' weight placed on the palms of their hands and, according to the experimental condition, they could or could not make arm movements and make visual contact with the stimuli. The results showed that precision and sensitivity were mainly affected by movement and, to a less extent, by vision. In general, movements produced better precision and sensitivity, and vision contributed only in the conditions without movement. The confidence level was influenced by vision, especially in conditions without movement. Confidence was consistent with precision in conditions without vision, suggesting an implicit knowledge about precision.(AU)

Este estudio investigó la influencia de los movimientos musculares y visión en la precisión, la sensibilidad y el nivel de confiabilidad en la percepción háptica de peso. Los participantes compararon los pesos colocados en las palmas de las manos y, de acuerdo a la condición experimental, se podían o no mover sus brazos y visualizar o no los estímulos. Los resultados mostraron que la precisión y la sensibilidad han sido influenciados por el movimiento y, en menor medida, por la visión. En general, el movimiento conduce a una mayor precisión y sensibilidad, y la contribución de la visión ocurrió en las condiciones sin movimientos. El nivel de confiabilidad fue afectado por la visión, especialmente en condiciones sin movimientos. El nivel de confianza era congruente con la precisión de los juicios únicamente en ausencia de la visión, lo que sugiere un conocimiento implícito de la precisión.(AU)

On the possibility of using reaction time to study false memories

Research on false memories has extensively used the recognition and recollection of lists of semantically associated words, called the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In the DRM procedure, the measure of accuracy/errors is usually the main dependent variable. In this paper we review research that integrated reaction time measures into the DRM paradigm and discuss the future contributions of measures of reaction time to the understanding of false memories.(AU)

Precisão, sensibilidade e confiança na percepção háptica de peso na presença ou ausência de movimento e visão / Precision, sensitivity and confidence in haptic perception of weight in the presence or absence of movement and vision / Precisión, sensibilidad y confiabilidad en la percepción háptica de peso en la presencia o ausencia de movimiento y visión

Esta pesquisa investigou a influência do movimento muscular e da visão na precisão, sensibilidade e nível de confiança na percepção háptica de peso. Os participantes compararam pesos colocados sobre as palmas das mãos e, conforme a condição experimental, podiam movimentar ou não os braços, bem como visualizar ou não suas mãos e os estímulos. Os resultados mostraram que a precisão e a sensibilidade foram influenciadas pelo movimento e, em menor grau, pela visão. Em geral, o movimento leva à maior precisão e mais sensibilidade, e a contribuição da visão ocorreu nas condições sem movimento. O nível de confiança não foi influenciado pelo movimento, mas foi influenciado pela visão, sobretudo nas condições sem movimento. O nível de confiança foi congruente à precisão dos julgamentos somente na ausência de visão, sugerindo um conhecimento implícito da precisão...

In this research we investigated the influence of muscle movement and vision in precision, sensitivity and level of confidence in the haptic perception of weight. The participants compared objects' weight placed on the palms of their hands and, according to the experimental condition, they could or could not make arm movements and make visual contact with the stimuli. The results showed that precision and sensitivity were mainly affected by movement and, to a less extent, by vision. In general, movements produced better precision and sensitivity, and vision contributed only in the conditions without movement. The confidence level was influenced by vision, especially in conditions without movement. Confidence was consistent with precision in conditions without vision, suggesting an implicit knowledge about precision...

Este estudio investigó la influencia de los movimientos musculares y visión en la precisión, la sensibilidad y el nivel de confiabilidad en la percepción háptica de peso. Los participantes compararon los pesos colocados en las palmas de las manos y, de acuerdo a la condición experimental, se podían o no mover sus brazos y visualizar o no los estímulos. Los resultados mostraron que la precisión y la sensibilidad han sido influenciados por el movimiento y, en menor medida, por la visión. En general, el movimiento conduce a una mayor precisión y sensibilidad, y la contribución de la visión ocurrió en las condiciones sin movimientos. El nivel de confiabilidad fue afectado por la visión, especialmente en condiciones sin movimientos. El nivel de confianza era congruente con la precisión de los juicios únicamente en ausencia de la visión, lo que sugiere un conocimiento implícito de la precisión...

On the possibility of using reaction time to study false memories

Research on false memories has extensively used the recognition and recollection of lists of semantically associated words, called the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In the DRM procedure, the measure of accuracy/errors is usually the main dependent variable. In this paper we review research that integrated reaction time measures into the DRM paradigm and discuss the future contributions of measures of reaction time to the understanding of false memories.

Visuospatial working memory for locations, colours, and binding in typically developing children and in children with dyslexia and non-verbal learning disability.

This study examined forward and backward recall of locations and colours and the binding of locations and colours, comparing typically developing children - aged between 8 and 10 years - with two different groups of children of the same age with learning disabilities (dyslexia in one group, non-verbal learning disability [NLD] in the other). Results showed that groups with learning disabilities had different visuospatial working memory problems and that children with NLD had particular difficulties in the backward recall of locations. The differences between the groups disappeared, however, when locations and colours were bound together. It was concluded that specific processes may be involved in children in the binding and backward recall of different types of information, as they are not simply the resultant of combining the single processes needed to recall single features.