ABSTRACT
Prehypertension (systolic blood pressure 120-139 or diastolic blood pressure 80-89 mm Hg) confers a risk of progression to hypertension, impairment of cognitive function, increased left ventricular mass, risk of end-stage renal disease, and an association with arteriosclerosis. Recent studies provide data that could support the rationale for treating prehypertensives subjects with antihypertensive medications in addition to lifestyle modification, especially if they have concomitant cardiovascular risk factors.
Subject(s)
Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Arteriosclerosis/physiopathology , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Hypertension/physiopathology , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/physiopathology , Prehypertension/physiopathology , Arteriosclerosis/epidemiology , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Blood Pressure/physiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology , Disease Progression , Humans , Hypertension/drug therapy , Hypertension/epidemiology , Hypertension/genetics , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/drug therapy , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/epidemiology , Incidence , Kidney Failure, Chronic/epidemiology , Life Style , Prehypertension/drug therapy , Prehypertension/genetics , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Extant data indicate that treating to lower systolic pressure confers significant advantage to younger people in general good health and to relatively healthy octogenarians. Few data exist to guide practitioners on the treatment of frail elderly hypertensives. Chronological age alone does not suffice to make useful judgments regarding therapy. The definition of frailty remains controversial. One method, use of a simple questionnaire or a test of walking speed is practical but not universally accepted. Frail subjects, while at higher risk for cardiovascular complications, seem to benefit less or not at all from antihypertensive drug treatment. Clinicians should treat robust older patients as they would younger patients because the benefits far outweigh the low risk of adverse effects. Successful antihypertensive therapy in those younger than 80 years should not be discontinued simply because that age milestone has been crossed. Treatment of frail older patients must be individualized. Some frail survivors age 80 years or older may actually fare better with elevated systolic pressures. Pending the cognitive function substudy of Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial, there is little evidence that antihypertensive treatment benefits established cognitive dysfunction. Because hypertension in middle age is a good predictor of later cognitive dysfunction, the clinical approach should be one of early prevention.
