Comparative Evaluation of Octenidine with Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Introduction: Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) has been still regarded as the most efficient mouthwash. Due to its recognized negative effects, it can only be used for a short duration. Octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT), an antiseptic substance found by Sterling Winthrop in the 1980s, has proven helpful in preventing the co-aggregation of dental plaque microbial invaders without disrupting the typical, healthy oral flora. However, there is very little research on octenidine's effectiveness as a mouthwash for preventing plaque. Therefore, this study is being conducted to examine the effectiveness of mouthwashes containing 0.1% Octenidine and 0.2% chlorhexidine. Methodology: In this clinical trial, subjects were divided into two groups, 60 patients each with gingivitis and periodontitis. Then, from each group, 30 patients were advised to use octenidine mouthwash, and 30 patients were prescribed chlorhexidine mouthwash as an adjunct to scaling and root planning. Clinical parameters like O'Leary plaque index, Bleeding index, Probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss were evaluated at baseline and after 3 months. Result: In both the gingivitis and periodontitis groups, the octenidine group significantly outperformed the chlorhexidine group in all clinical metrics. Conclusion: Octenidine showed better results in comparison to chlorhexidine with respect to all the above-mentioned clinical parameters. Hence, it can be considered a promising mouthwash for future therapeutic and research studies.

Antimicrobial Activity of Chlorhexidine and Herbal Mouthwash Against the Adherence of Microorganism to Sutures After Periodontal Surgery: A Clinical Microbiological Study.

Introduction: Chemical plaque control agents assist to eliminate plaque microorganisms. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of a herbal mouthwash (HiOraTM) and a mouthwash containing 0.2% chlorhexidine in preventing bacteria from adhering to sutures in participants who had had periodontal flap surgery. Material and methods: 75 patients with chronic periodontitis were included in the study and divided into three groups. Plain water, herbal, and chlorhexidine mouthwashes were given after periodontal surgery, and sutures were removed on the eighthpostoperative day and sent for microbial analysis. Further plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded at baseline and on the eighthpostoperative day. Results: Different aerobic bacterial species were isolated, namely Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), coagulase-negative staphylococci (Cons), Escherechia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella bacteroides, and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Significant differences were found among colony-forming units (CFUs) of bacterial species in different groups, and it is found that chlorhexidine mouthwash is quite effective against the adherence of microorganisms to sutures after periodontal surgery as compared to the control group and herbal mouthwash group. Herbal mouthwash has less antimicrobial activity when compared to chlorhexidine, but herbal mouthwash is highly effective against microbial adherence to sutures when compared to the control group (plain water). Significant variations between groups are shown in the PI and GI scores, indicating that chlorhexidine is successful in lowering the PI and GI scores and that herbal rinse is also helpful in reducing these scores, but to a lesser extent than chlorhexidine. Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, sutures are at risk for developing bacterial infections. However, the adhesion of microbes to sutures may be decreased with the adjunctive use of antimicrobial medicines such as chlorhexidine and herbal mouthwashes, which will result in improved wound healing. Herbal mouth rinses are effective in killing germs. However, chlorhexidine is far more effective in this regard.

An in vitro scanning electron microscope study to evaluate the efficacy of various root conditioning agents.

AIM: The purpose of present study was to investigate the scanning electron microscopic alterations produced on scaled and root planed dentin surfaces after application of different etching modalities namely citric acid, tetracycline hydrochloride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty specimens of teeth were collected and categorized into four groups. In group 1, control group specimens were treated with normal saline for 3 min, group 2 specimens were treated with citric acid, group 3 specimens were treated with tetracycline hydrochloride for 3 min and group 4 specimens were treated with 15% EDTA. RESULTS: Opening of dentinal tubules was seen in all specimens except for control group that was treated with normal saline. The total number of tubules seen was highest in citric acid group as compared to tetracycline hydrochloride and EDTA Group. The total number of patent tubule opening was highest in citric acid as compared to EDTA and tetracycline. The diameter of patent dentinal tubules in citric acid group was more than EDTA and tetracycline. CONCLUSION: The study showed that all the three agents were effective in removing the smear layer however number of patent and wider diameter dentinal tubules was seen in vitro best in citric acid than EDTA and then in tetracycline hydrochloride. Hence, citric acid group is more efficient than EDTA and tetracycline HCl group in removing the smear layer and in opening of number of patent dentinal tubules.

Establishment of soft tissue norms for the north Indian population based on laymen perception.

In this study we aimed to determine the soft tissue norms for the North Indian population based on the laymen perception of facial esthetics and to test the hypothesis that there are racial differences in cephalometric measurement between North Indians and White Americans norms. Two sets (Facial frontal and profile photographs) of 170 standardized facial photographs (76 males and 94 females in the age group of 18-28 years) were taken. A panel of judges which consisted of 20 laymen evaluated the photographs on the visual analogue scale to select a sample of 120 subjects (60 males and 60 females), which included individuals with esthetically pleasing appearance. Digital lateral cephalograms were made and anatomic landmarks were identified directly on the digital images. Seventeen soft tissue variables taken from Subtenley's, Holdaway's, Ricketts and Legan's analysis were calculated electronically using the Dolphin (version 9) software package. Most measurements were similar to the white American norms, some differences were noticed in nasal prominence, basic upper lip thickness, and 'H' angle measurements. The independent-sample t test was used to compare the measurement differences of the North Indian men and women. North Indian males have relatively prominent and thicker upper lip, and increased basic upper lip thickness than the females. Lower lip was found to be more protrusive in females than in males.

Massive pregnancy gingival enlargement: A rare case.

Gingival enlargement related to pregnancy is sometimes seen in the oral cavity. Pregnancy is a physiological state that brings full of changes in a woman's life. The metabolism and immunology of the body are modified by progesterone and estrogen as well as other local factors, these sex hormones may modify the oral mucosa and may lead to various periodontal diseases. A case of female patient 23 yrs of age reported during 8(th) month of pregnancy with a localised gingival enlargement affecting the buccal aspect of left maxillary central incisor upto canine. The hormonal changes occurring during pregnancy may be associated with generalized or localised gingival enlargement and the presence of local factors may accentuate the gingival response. Rarely the enlargement becomes maasive and protrude out extraorally.