ABSTRACT
Liver damage induced in rats by carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) was obvious macroscopically as well as microscopically in stained sections. Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) were also significantly raised. Adenosine and inosine effectively countered the damage when these were given before and during the period during which CCl4 produces the typical damage. The beneficial effect was seen in biochemical as well as pathological studies.
Subject(s)
Adenosine/therapeutic use , Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning/complications , Inosine/therapeutic use , Liver Diseases/prevention & control , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Animals , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury , Hemorrhage/chemically induced , Liver/drug effects , Liver/enzymology , Liver/pathology , Liver Diseases/enzymology , Male , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , gamma-Glutamyltransferase/bloodABSTRACT
Liver necrosis was produced in rats by administering 3 doses of a mixture of carbon tetrachloride + olive oil, 2 ml/kg, ip. The liver damage was evidenced by the elevated levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) and by histopathological observations of liver sections. Aspartate and glutamate administration (100 mg/kg, ip) significantly reduced these elevated levels of AST, ALT, and gamma-GT. Carbon tetrachloride induced liver necrosis was also found to be significantly reduced in aspartate and glutamate pretreated animals as observed macroscopically and histologically.
Subject(s)
Aspartic Acid/therapeutic use , Carbon Tetrachloride , Glutamates/therapeutic use , Liver Diseases/drug therapy , Animals , Carbon Tetrachloride/antagonists & inhibitors , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury , Liver Diseases/pathology , Male , Necrosis/chemically induced , Rats , Rats, Inbred StrainsABSTRACT
Cardiac necrosis was produced in rats by administering isoproterenol sulphate (85 mg/kg, sc for 4 days). The myocardial damage was proved by observing the elevated levels of serum aspartate amino-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase and the changes were confirmed by histopathology of the tissue. Both aspartate and glutamate (100 mg/kg, ip) significantly reduced the elevated levels of these enzymes. The average degree of cardiac necrosis produced in these rats when observed macroscopically and histologically was also found to be significantly reduced on pretreatment with aspartate and glutamate.
Subject(s)
Aspartic Acid/pharmacology , Glutamates/pharmacology , Myocardial Infarction/drug therapy , Animals , Female , Isoproterenol/pharmacology , Male , Myocardial Infarction/enzymology , RatsSubject(s)
Adenosine/therapeutic use , Inosine/therapeutic use , Myocardial Infarction/drug therapy , Animals , Female , Isoproterenol , Male , Myocardium/pathology , RatsSubject(s)
Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal/analysis , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning/prevention & control , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/prevention & control , India , Rats , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Glaucoma/blood , Intraocular Pressure , Animals , Female , Glaucoma/chemically induced , Glaucoma/physiopathology , Lipids/blood , Male , RabbitsSubject(s)
Clofibrate/pharmacology , Glaucoma/physiopathology , Intraocular Pressure/drug effects , Animals , Female , Male , RabbitsSubject(s)
Parasympatholytics/pharmacology , Salivation/drug effects , Adult , Chlordiazepoxide/administration & dosage , Chlordiazepoxide/pharmacology , Drug Combinations/administration & dosage , Drug Combinations/pharmacology , Female , Humans , Male , Oxyphenonium/pharmacology , Propantheline/pharmacology , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/administration & dosage , Quinuclidines/administration & dosage , Quinuclidines/pharmacology , Trifluoperazine/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Platelet functions (platelet aggregation and adhesiveness) were studied in volunteers of different blood groups. The platelet aggregation time was found to be significantly (P less than 0.01) more in blood group O as compared A, B and AB blood groups. Similarly, platelet adhesive index was higher in A, B and AB blood groups when compared to that of blood group O. The administration of a single dose of aspirin (4 mg/kg, po) increased the platelet aggregation time and reduced the platelet adhesive index in all the blood groups.
Subject(s)
Aspirin/pharmacology , Blood Group Antigens , Platelet Adhesiveness/drug effects , Platelet Aggregation/drug effects , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
A new withanolide, with a unique chemical structure similar to the aglycones of the cardiac glycosides, with mol. wt. 488 6, m. p. 260-261 degrees, isolated from the fruits of Withania coagulans, was screened for cardiovascular effects. At doses of 5 mg/kg body weight, the withanolide produced a moderate fall of blood pressure in dogs (34 +/- 2.1, mm Hg) which was blocked by atropine and not by mepyramine or propranolol. In rabbit Langendorff preparation and ECG studies, it produced myocardial depressant effects but in perfused frog heart it produced mild positive inotropic and chronotropic effects.
Subject(s)
Ergosterol/analogs & derivatives , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Animals , Anura , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Dogs , Electrocardiography , Ergosterol/pharmacology , Heart/drug effects , Hindlimb/blood supply , In Vitro Techniques , Rabbits , Rats , Regional Blood Flow/drug effects , Respiration/drug effects , WithanolidesABSTRACT
Platelet aggregation time was significantly (P less than 0.01) decreased in female rabbits treated with oral contraceptive (a preparation containing low dose of estrogen) as also by injection of diethylstilbestrol (10 mg/kg), while in animals that received indomethacin (10 mg/kg) or aspirin (30 mg/kg) (PG synthetase inhibitors) along with oral contraceptives or diethylstilbestrol there was no significant alteration in platelet aggregation time. The increased synthesis of prostaglandins or some of the intermediary product like TXA2 might be responsible for this effect.
Subject(s)
Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal/pharmacology , Contraceptives, Oral/pharmacology , Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors , Ethinyl Estradiol/pharmacology , Lynestrenol/pharmacology , Platelet Aggregation/drug effects , Animals , Aspirin/pharmacology , Contraceptives, Oral, Combined/pharmacology , Contraceptives, Oral, Sequential/pharmacology , Diethylstilbestrol/pharmacology , Female , Indomethacin/pharmacology , RabbitsABSTRACT
The effect of glucagon in arrhythmias induced by coronary artery occlusion and ouabain was studied in dogs. Intravenous administration of glucagon (50 microgram/kg) to 6 dogs with more than 70% ectopic activity after coronary artery occlusion, resulted in significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in ectopics and increase in heart rate. Infusion of glucagon (2.5 microgram/kg/min) for 30 min caused complete elimination of ectopic activity during infusion period. In another series of 7 experiments, glucagon failed to abolish the ouabain-induced ectopic beats. In fact the hormone itself caused a significant (P less tha 0.01) increase in ectopic activity and heart rate. However, in 7 dogs with complete heart block produced after ouabain conversion to normal sinus rhythm was observed after glucagon.
Subject(s)
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents , Glucagon/pharmacology , Animals , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology , Coronary Vessels/physiology , Dogs , Electrocardiography , Female , Heart Rate/drug effects , Male , Ouabain/pharmacologyABSTRACT
In rat hind-quarter perfusion experiments, glucagon (1 microgram) produced a significant vasodilation. On the other hand, in experiments with isolated perfused rabbit heart, glucagon (1 microgram) caused coronary vasoconstriction irrespective of whether noradrenaline was added to perfusion fluid or not. Glucagon had no effect on rate or force of contraction of heart.
Subject(s)
Glucagon/pharmacology , Vasodilator Agents , Animals , Coronary Circulation/drug effects , Heart Rate/drug effects , Hindlimb/blood supply , In Vitro Techniques , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Norepinephrine/pharmacology , Rabbits , Rats , Regional Blood Flow/drug effectsABSTRACT
Medicinal grade yellow and white petrolatum (soft paraffin) were tested for dermatoxic effects on laboratory animals and man. Yellow petrolatum produced redness, thickening of skin, hyperkeratosis and reversible total hair loss in rabbit and rat but no dermatoxic effect was observed in man and dog. White petrolatum which is similar in composition to yellow petrolatum produced less redness and keratosis. Refluxing of yellow soft paraffin with 95% alcohol could dissolve out dermatoxic fraction. The results have been discussed and it is suggested that drugs with petrolatum as ointment base should not be tested on rats and rabbits as petrolatum itself is dermatoxic in these species.