Treatment technologies for sustainable management of wastewater from iron and steel industry - a review.

The iron and steel industries are a vital driving force for propelling the nation's economic growth. In 2019, to boost the economy and to achieve the target of five trillion economies by 2024, government of India entails investments in several steel-related sectors. However, since their inception, steel and iron industries have been coupled with extensive environmental pollution and vast water utilization. Discharged effluent from the different units of plant loaded with toxic, hazardous, and unused components which have various harmful environmental and health impacts and need treatment. In the present review, the pollutants treatment efficiency of various treatment techniques, effluent volume product quality, and various measures for sound management of wastewater are reviewed. As most conventional wastewater treatment methods are not sufficient for complete reclamation and remediation of effluent, the potential of more advanced treatment such as membrane separation and membrane bioreactors is relatively untouched. In the end, this paper concluded that the integrated system combining chemical treatment with membrane separation can ensure a worthy rate of pollutant removal. Reuse and effective management of wastewater with process intensification guarantee commercial viability and eco-friendliness.

Success or failure of a dental implant: its relationship to bone density: a case report of a failed implant.

AIM: The purpose of this article is to illustrate the relationship of bone quality and the prognosis of dental implant. BACKGROUND: Reported success rates for dental implants are high. Thus, an implant-supported restoration offers a predictable treatment for tooth replacement. Nevertheless, failures that mandate immediate implant removal do occur. CASE DESCRIPTION: A case involving a 40-year-old male patient who had a missing mandibular left first molar is reported. A mucoperiosteal flap was made using interdental and crevicular incisions. The osteotomy was performed starting with the pilot drill, then the depth of the osteotomy was assessed using the shoulder depth gauge. The site was gradually enlarged using reamers with progressively increasing diameters. The implant (Bicon's Nano Tite™) was then placed. However, three months later at the second stage surgery, the implant was found to be clinically mobile. The surgical site selected in this case had fine trabeculated bone with thin cortical plates (D4 bone) that apparently contributed to the failure of dental implant. SUMMARY: Implant therapy has become common practice and will continue to increase in popularity. This also implies that dental professionals will have to learn more how to deal with implant failure and related complications. Why an implant does not integrate could have a multifactorial etiology. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The type and quality of bone available to support a dental implant are very important, so attention should be directed to all the factors responsible for the success or failure of a dental implant. In cases involving D4 bone, one must consider other treatment modalities for replacement of a missing tooth or use caution in the placement of the implants, especially in the high-load-bearing molar areas.

Simultaneous occurrence of posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome in two cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction chemotherapy.

We describe two cases Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) occurring in childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia within a week of each other during induction chemotherapy in our ward. We review the literature related to the possible etiology of PRES in these cases.