Clinical Spectrum of Dermatological Disorders at an Urban Health Center in East Delhi.

Dermatological disorders constitute a significant proportion of primary health care (PHC) setups. The pattern of dermatological disorders varies among different countries and different parts of the same country owing to climatic and geographical variations, level of education, access to health care, etc. To study the clinical spectrum of patients presenting with dermatological disorders at an urban health center (UHC) in East Delhi. To identify the various risk factors associated with dermatological disorders in study subjects. A total of 1,148 patients who reported skin diseases for the first time at the Dermatology Outpatient Clinic at UHC in East Delhi were recruited. Detailed demographic data, history, and examination and potential risk factors of skin diseases (socioeconomic status, level of education, occupation, comorbidities, and addictions) were recorded on a predesigned proforma. A total of 616 (53.7%) patients had infectious dermatoses and 532 (46.3%) had non-infectious dermatoses. Among the infectious dermatoses, fungal diseases (44.8%) were the most common followed by parasitic infections (31.17%) and bacterial infections (9.74%). Among the non-infectious group, eczematous disorders (28.01%) were the most common, followed by pigmentary disorders (21.62%) and acne (19.55%). A significant association between level of education, occupation, and comorbidities with the distribution of infectious and non-infectious dermatoses was found. As a significant proportion of patients with a vivid spectrum of dermatological disorders present at the PHC setups, therefore dermatologists supervise that specialty clinics should be held regularly at these centers along with the availability of all the basic investigations to aid diagnosis and management.

Efficacy of 15% trichloroacetic acid peel versus 35% glycolic acid peel in acanthosis Nigricans: A randomized open-label study.

Introduction: Acanthosis Nigricans (AN) is an acquired disorder of keratinization. It presents as hyperpigmentation, velvety texture of skin that can involve any part of the body including the face. Different topical, systemic therapies, or physical therapies including laser have been explored. However, there are not many randomized controlled studies for the majority of therapy alternatives besides lifestyle modifications and weight reduction. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 15% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and 35% glycolic acid (GA) peel for AN. Materials and Methods: Forty participants were included and randomized into two groups. In groups A and B, peeling with 15% TCA and 35% GA was done, respectively. The effectiveness of each peel was assessed using changes in the Acanthosis Nigricans Area and Severity Index Score (ANASI) and Physician Assessment Score. Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, Friedman test, and generalized estimating equations. Results: The overall change in ANASI over time was compared in the two groups using the generalized estimating equations method. A significant difference was observed in the trend of ANASI over time between the two groups (P < 0.001). TCA peel group showed more change in ANASI as compared with GA peel group. Conclusion: In our research, 15% TCA has a better efficacy when compared with 35% GA peel after three sessions of chemical peeling. We therefore recommend the use of 15% TCA peel in AN as a safe and effective treatment option. However, more comprehensive randomized control studies are required for supporting data.

Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women Having Female Pattern Hair Loss.

Background: Many studies have associated male androgenetic alopecia with the risk of cardiovascular disorders but very few studies have addressed this association in women with FPHL. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study in which a total of 50 women (18-45 years) were recruited. The objective was to measure carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) by doppler ultrasound, Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, testosterone, Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), hs-CRP, ESR and fibrinogen, in pre-menopausal women having FPHL and to correlate these parameters with severity of FPHL. The prevalence of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Insulin resistance were evaluated. Results: Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance were found in 12 (24%) and 17 (34%) cases respectively. Hypercholesterolemia, elevated LDL levels and hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL levels and hyperinsulinemia were found in 11 (22%), 31 (62%), 9 (18%), 17 (34%) and 7 (14%) cases respectively. 8 (16%) cases were diabetics. Elevated ESR, increased fibrinogen levels and elevated hs-CRP were found in 43 (86%), 10 (20%) and 21 (42%) cases respectively. CIMT was found to be within its normal range. Correlation of CIMT, anthropometric indices (BMI and WC), biochemical markers (serum cholesterol, triglycerides, FBS, and fibrinogen), and presence of metabolic syndrome with severity of FPHL in terms of Ludwig grade was found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: The determination of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and acute phase reactants such as hs-CRP and fibrinogen may be useful screening methods to detect increased cardiovascular risk in women with FPHL.

Cardiovascular risk markers in premature canities.

BACKGROUND: An elevated cardiovascular risk has been demonstrated in middle-aged individuals with onset of hair greying before the age of 30 years. Increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), indicate an ongoing state of chronic inflammation that is correlated with cardiovascular risk but have not been studied earlier in patients with early onset of hair greying. AIM/OBJECTIVE: To study various cardiovascular risk markers including pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in patients with premature canities. METHODS: This was a hospital-based case-control study of 40 patients with premature canities (age between 19 and 25 years; >5 grey hair) and an equal number of age and gender-matched healthy controls. The blood pressure, pulse rate and body mass index were recorded, and investigations including fasting blood sugar, serum insulin, fasting lipid profile, high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-6 and TNF-α were performed. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated for all the participants. RESULTS: The mean blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, serum insulin, hs-CRP and HOMA-IR were all significantly elevated in patients with premature canities and the serum HDL levels were significantly lower. A greater number of patients with premature canities had significantly elevated IL-6 as compared with the controls. LIMITATIONS: The sample size was small. A subjective scale was used for grading the severity of premature canities. Trichoscopic evaluation of severity of greying or modified phototrichogram could not be used in this study. CONCLUSION: Abnormalities in cardiovascular risk markers were found in patients with premature canities. Screening and counselling of patients with premature greying of hair is recommended in order to prevent future cardiovascular disease.

Dermatopathia Pigmentosa Reticularis with Addisonian Pigmentation: Atypical Presentation of a Rare Case.

Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis is a rare ectodermal dysplasia with mottled pigmentation. Here we report a case of 15-year-old boy with variable (reticulate as well as diffuse) pigmentary disorder and adermatoglyphia.

Pyoderma gangrenosum: An uncommon cause of nonsexually acquired genital ulcer disease.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis affecting various sites, isolated genital PG being an uncommon presentation. We report a case of a 50-year-old diabetic male who presented with 2 penile ulcers. Extensive evaluation was done for sexually and nonsexually transmitted infections, malignancy, drug-induced vasculitis, and immunobullous etiology. A diagnosis of PG was made based on the clinical findings and histopathological exclusion of other causes. The patient showed a rapid response to prednisolone, dapsone, and colchicine. This report highlights the importance of keeping PG as a differential diagnosis in cases of genital ulcers which may mimic other sexually transmitted infections.

An unusual case of recurrent vaginal discharge: Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.

Abnormal vaginal discharge is common among the females of the reproductive age group. Vulvovaginitis caused by azole-resistant Candida albicans is rare. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) causes significant patient distress and morbidity. The vaginal microflora is a complex micro-ecological environment comprising different microbiological species in variable quantities and relative proportions. Any disturbance in the aforesaid causes vaginitis, for instance, aerobic vaginitis (AV) results from the displacement of healthy vaginal Lactobacillus species with aerobic pathogens. We report AV with RVVC caused by C. albicans resistant to even second generation azoles which has not been previously reported to the best of our knowledge.

Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: An Etiopathogenic Study.

Importance: Exact etiopathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) remains elusive. Infections, pseudoallergens, autoimmunity, and contact sensitization are various postulated factors. Few studies are available measuring cytokine levels in CSU. Objectives: The aim was to study various etiological factors of CSU and levels of IL-6 and IFN-ϒ in cases and controls, and correlation between various etiologies with the levels of the abovementioned interleukins in the cases. Design: Case-control study performed over 2 years with no follow-up of the participants. Setting: It was a referral-center-based study. Participants: Sixty patients of CSU and equal age and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited on the basis of convenience sampling. Exposures: Biochemical and hematological investigations with hepatitis serology, thyroid function tests, anti-thyroid antibodies, and levels IL-6 and IFN-ϒ were performed in all cases and controls. All cases were subjected to ASST. Cases with all above negative tests were patch-tested with Indian standard series. Urticaria activity score (UAS7) was calculated for all the cases and repeated in patients with positive etiological factor after 3 weeks (improvement after allergen or drug avoidance, treatment of infection). Outcomes: To study the various etiological factors (food, infection, autoimmunity, autoreactivity, and contact sensitization) and the levels of IL-6 and IFN- γ in patients of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Results: Etiology was ascertained in 75% of patients (autoimmunity: 50%, contact sensitization: 21.67%, food and drug allergy: 1.67% each). Mean values of the interleukins and anti-thyroid antibodies were significantly higher in cases versus controls. Levels of IFN-ϒ were significantly elevated in patients with higher UAS7 scores. Conclusion: Antithyroid antibodies, ASST, and patch testing are important tools and should be considered in patients of CSU after a thorough history and history-based workup. Elevated levels of IL-6 and IFN- ϒ in cases suggest that both Th1 and Th2 type of immune responses are implicated in pathogenesis of CSU.