Results of short term radiotherapy followed by radical surgery for rectal cancer: A long-term unicenter observational study. / Resultados de la radioterapia de ciclo corto seguida de cirugía radical en el cáncer de recto: estudio unicéntrico y observacional a largo plazo.

INTRODUCTION: Short-term radiotherapy (STR) for rectal cancer (RC) has rarely been used in Spain. The aim of the present study is to describe oncological results after RTC and surgery for RC. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients treated with STR and surgery for RC (1999-2012). Epidemiological data, staging, complications of STR, STR-surgery interval, surgical approach, rate of anastomotic/perineal wound dehiscence, and pathological data (regression degree and staging) were collected. Global survival, disease free survival, local recurrence rate and incidence of toxicity, response and complications of combined treatment are reported. RESULTS: Of 1229 patients treated, 209 patients received STR and surgery. The median follow-up was 6.2 years. Mean age was 68 years and 66% of the patients were men. A total of 88% were cT3-4 and 44% cN+17 (8.1%) patients had resectable synchronous metastases. Acute and chronic toxicity due to STR was <5%. In 75% of the cases the STR-surgery interval was <15 days, and in 9%> 4 weeks. Seven patients (3.3%) presented complete response. Nine (4.3%) patients presented an local recurrence rate. Global survival at 5, 10 and 15 years was 67.8, 49.2 and 37.5%, respectively. Disease free survival at 5, 10 and 15 years was 66.1, 47.1 and 33%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results compare favorably with multicentric historical series. STR offers certain advantages that could be increased by increasing the STR-surgery interval and/or interspersed with sequential chemotherapy.

Resultados de la radioterapia de ciclo corto seguida de cirugía radical en el cáncer de recto: estudio unicéntrico y observacional a largo plazo / Results of short term radiotherapy followed by radical surgery for rectal cancer: A long-term unicenter observational study

Introducción: La radioterapia preoperatoria corta (RTC) para el tratamiento del cáncer de recto (CR) ha sido poco utilizada en España. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir los resultados oncológicos tras tratamiento con RTC y cirugía por CR. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que incluye una serie consecutiva de pacientes tratados por CR (1999-2012). Se recogieron datos epidemiológicos, estadificación, complicaciones de la RTC, intervalo RTC-cirugía, abordaje quirúrgico, tasa de dehiscencia de anastomosis o herida perineal e histológicos (grado de regresión y estadificación). Se analizan la supervivencia global, supervivencia libre de enfermedad, tasa de recurrencia local e incidencia de toxicidad, respuesta y complicaciones del tratamiento combinado con RTC y cirugía. Resultados: De 1.229 pacientes tratados, 209 pacientes recibieron RTC y cirugía. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 6,2 años. La edad media fue de 68 años y el 66% fueron hombres. El 88% eran cT3-4 y el 44% cN+. Un total de 17 pacientes (8,1%) tenían metástasis síncronas resecables. La toxicidad aguda y crónica por RTC fue inferior al 5%. En el 75% de los pacientes el intervalo RTC-cirugía fue inferior a 15 días y en el 9%, superior a 4 semanas. Fueron 7 los pacientes (3,3%) que presentaron respuesta completa. La mediana de supervivencia fue de casi 10 años. Nueve (4,3%) pacientes presentaron una recurrencia local. La supervivencia global a 5, 10 y 15 años fue del 67,8, 49,2 y 37,5%, respectivamente. La supervivencia libre de enfermedad a 5, 10 y 15 años fue del 66,1; 47,1 y 33%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los resultados se comparan favorablemente con las series históricas multicéntricas. La RTC ofrece ciertas ventajas que pueden ampliarse incrementando el intervalo RTC-cirugía o si se intercala con quimioterapia secuencial (AU)

Introduction: Short-term radiotherapy (STR) for rectal cancer (RC) has rarely been used in Spain. The aim of the present study is to describe oncological results after RTC and surgery for RC. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients treated with STR and surgery for RC (1999-2012). Epidemiological data, staging, complications of STR, STR-surgery interval, surgical approach, rate of anastomotic/perineal wound dehiscence, and pathological data (regression degree and staging) were collected. Global survival, disease free survival, local recurrence rate and incidence of toxicity, response and complications of combined treatment are reported. Results: Of 1229 patients treated, 209 patients received STR and surgery. The median follow-up was 6.2 years. Mean age was 68 years and 66% of the patients were men. A total of 88% were cT3-4 and 44% cN+17 (8.1%) patients had resectable synchronous metastases. Acute and chronic toxicity due to STR was <5%. In 75% of the cases the STR-surgery interval was <15 days, and in 9%> 4 weeks. Seven patients (3.3%) presented complete response. Nine (4.3%) patients presented an local recurrence rate. Global survival at 5, 10 and 15 years was 67.8, 49.2 and 37.5%, respectively. Disease free survival at 5, 10 and 15 years was 66.1, 47.1 and 33%, respectively. Conclusions: The results compare favorably with multicentric historical series. STR offers certain advantages that could be increased by increasing the STR-surgery interval and/or interspersed with sequential chemotherapy (AU)

Gene expression study and pathway analysis of histological subtypes of intestinal metaplasia that progress to gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a precursor lesion that precedes gastric cancer (GC). There are two IM histological subtypes, complete (CIM) and incomplete (IIM), the latter having higher progression rates to GC. This study was aimed at analysing gene expression and molecular processes involved in the progression from normal mucosa to IM, and also from IM subtypes to GC. METHODOLOGY: We used expression data to compare the transcriptome of healthy gastric mucosa to that of IM not progressing to GC, and the transcriptome of IM subtypes that had progressed to GC to those that did not progress. Some deregulated genes were validated and pathway analyses were performed. RESULTS: Comparison of IM subtypes that had progressed to GC with those that did not progress showed smaller differences in the expression profiles than the comparison of IM that did not progress with healthy mucosa. New transcripts identified in IM not progressing to GC included TRIM, TMEM, homeobox and transporter genes and SNORD116. Comparison to normal mucosa identified non tumoral Warburg effect and melatonin degradation as previously unreported processes involved in IM. Overexpressed antigen processing is common to both IM-subtypes progressing to GC, but IIM showed more over-expressed oncogenic genes and molecular processes than CIM. CONCLUSIONS: There are greater differences in gene expression and molecular processes involved in the progression from normal healthy mucosa to IM than from IM to gastric cancer. While antigen processing is common in both IM-subtypes progressing to GC, more oncogenic processes are observed in the progression of IIM.

Incomplete type of intestinal metaplasia has the highest risk to progress to gastric cancer: results of the Spanish follow-up multicenter study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In high or moderate risk populations, periodic surveillance of patients at risk of progression from gastric precursor lesions (PL) to gastric cancer (GC) is the most effective strategy for reducing the burden of GC. Incomplete type of intestinal metaplasia (IIM) may be considered as the best candidate, but it is still controversial and more research is needed. To further assess the progression of subtypes of IM as predictors of GC occurrence. METHODS: A follow-up study was carried-out including 649 patients, diagnosed with PL between 1995-2004 in 9 participating hospitals from Spain, and who repeated the biopsy during 2011-2013. Medical information and habits were collected through a questionnaire. Based on morphology, IM was sub-classified as complete (small intestinal type, CIM) and incomplete (colonic type, IIM). Analyses were done using Cox (HR) models. RESULTS: At baseline, 24% of patients had atrophic gastritis, 38% CIM, 34% IIM, and 4% dysplasia. Mean follow-up was 12 years. 24 patients (3.7%) developed a gastric adenocarcinoma during follow-up. The incidence rate of GC was 2.76 and 5.76 per 1,000 person-years for those with CIM and IIM, respectively. The HR of progression to CG was 2.75 (95% CI 1.06-6.26) for those with IIM compared with those with CIM at baseline, after adjusting for sex, age, smoking, family history of GC and use of NSAIDs. CONCLUSIONS: IIM is the PL with highest risk to progress to GC. Sub-typing of IM is a valid procedure for the identification of high risk patients that require more intensive surveillance.

Novel equation to determine the hepatic triglyceride concentration in humans by MRI: diagnosis and monitoring of NAFLD in obese patients before and after bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by abnormal accumulation of lipids within liver cells. Its prevalence is increasing in developed countries in association with obesity, and it represents a risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Since NAFLD is usually asymptomatic at diagnosis, new non-invasive approaches are needed to determine the hepatic lipid content in terms of diagnosis, treatment and control of disease progression. Here, we investigated the potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantitate and monitor the hepatic triglyceride concentration in humans. METHODS: A prospective study of diagnostic accuracy was conducted among 129 consecutive adult patients (97 obesity and 32 non-obese) to compare multi-echo MRI fat fraction, grade of steatosis estimated by histopathology, and biochemical measurement of hepatic triglyceride concentration (that is, Folch value). RESULTS: MRI fat fraction positively correlates with the grade of steatosis estimated on a 0 to 3 scale by histopathology. However, this correlation value was stronger when MRI fat fraction was linked to the Folch value, resulting in a novel equation to predict the hepatic triglyceride concentration (mg of triglycerides/g of liver tissue = 5.082 + (432.104 * multi-echo MRI fat fraction)). Validation of this formula in 31 additional patients (24 obese and 7 controls) resulted in robust correlation between the measured and estimated Folch values. Multivariate analysis showed that none of the variables investigated improves the Folch prediction capacity of the equation. Obese patients show increased steatosis compared to controls using MRI fat fraction and Folch value. Bariatric surgery improved MRI fat fraction values and the Folch value estimated in obese patients one year after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Multi-echo MRI is an accurate approach to determine the hepatic lipid concentration by using our novel equation, representing an economic non-invasive method to diagnose and monitor steatosis in humans.

Prostatic remnants in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary.

Mature cystic teratomas of the ovary containing prostatic remnants are reported in 2 women aged 31 and 20 years. Both cases showed the expected histology of mature teratomas with a mixture of ecto- and endodermal structures lying in a fibrous stroma. In both cases, the foci of prostate tissue were composed of typical prostatic glands arranged in acinar structures. One case displayed a transitional cell-lined duct resembling the urethra. Prostate glands showed intense positive immunostaining with prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acidic phosphatase. Focal images suggesting high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia were detected in 1 case. The literature on this unusual finding in these common tumors is reviewed and commented on.

Parámetros histológicos predictivos de la invasiónde las vesículas seminales en el cáncer de próstata / Predictive histological parameters of seminal vesicle invasion in prostate cancer

Antecedentes: La invasión de las vesículas seminales esun dato histológico de mal pronóstico en el cáncer de próstata.En la mayor parte de los casos es un hallazgo accidentalya que los pacientes con signos clínicos o histológicos deenfermedad extraprostática no se tratan mediante cirugía enla mayor parte de protocolos al uso. Nuestra intención escuantificar este hallazgo histológico en una serie homogéneade prostatectomías radicales y correlacionarlo con los hallazgosen las biopsias previas. Métodos: Durante un periodo de8 años (1998-2005), 363 pacientes con cáncer de próstatafueron tratados mediante prostatectomía radical en el Hospitalde Basurto. Los pacientes fueron seleccionados para lacirugía en función de la combinación de la estadificación clínica,niveles de PSA sérico y datos obtenidos de la biopsiaprevia. Los datos obtenidos en las prostatectomías se correlacionaron(rho de Spearman) con varios hallazgos histológicosprocedentes de las biopsias. Resultados: Se detectóinvasión seminal en 37 pacientes (10,2%). La invasiónmicroscópica de las vesículas seminales se correlacionó conlos milímetros totales de cáncer (media 20 mm, r=0,397),con el número de focos de tumor (media 3,8, r=0,383), conla invasión de ambos lados prostáticos (r=0,256), con elíndice de Gleason >7 (r=0,306), con la invasión perineural(r=0,318), y con el PIN de alto grado (r=0,142) en las biopsias,y con el índice de Gleason >7 (r=0,357), con el PIN dealto grado (r=0,211), con la extensión extraprostática(r=0,480), y con la invasión de márgenes quirúrgicos(r=0,287), invasión perineural (r=0,847), y afectación delápex (r=0,307), en las prostatectomías. Conclusiones: Lainvasión de las vesículas seminales es un hallazgo frecuenteen las piezas de prostatectomía radical, incluso después deuna selección correcta de pacientes para cirugía (..) (AU)

Background: Seminal vesicle invasion is a finding ofbad prognosis in prostate cancer. Its discovery in radicalprostatectomies is accidental in most cases becausepatients with clinical or histological evidence of extraprostaticdisease are not surgically treated in most clinical protocols.Our aim is to quantify this finding in a homogeneousseries of radical prostatectomies and to correlate itwith core biopsy findings. Methods: Over an 8-year period(1998-2005), a total of 363 patients with prostate cancerunderwent radical prostatectomy at Basurto Hospital. Thecombination of clinical staging, PSA levels and core biopsydata indicated the candidates for surgery. Data obtainedin prostatectomies were correlated (Spearman’s rho) withseveral histological parameters in biopsies. Results: Radicalprostatectomies showed seminal vesicle invasion in 37cases (10.2%). Microscopic seminal vesicle invasion correlatedwith total millimetres of cancer (average 20 mm,r=0.397), number of tumour foci (average 3.8, r=0.383),bilateral invasion (r=0.256), Gleason Index (GI) >7(r=0.306), perineurial invasion (r=0.318), and high gradePIN (HGPIN) (r=0.142) in biopsies, and with GI >7(r=0.357), HGPIN (r=0.211), extraprostatic extension(r=0.480), and margin (r=0.287), perineurial (r=0.847),and apex (r=0.307) invasions, in prostatectomies. Conclusions:Seminal invasion is a frequent finding in prostatectomies,even after a correct selection of patients for surgery.This finding correlates to tumour volume parameters,bilateral invasion, and other morphologic parameters ofbad prognosis in prostate cancer (AU)

Adenocarcinomas renales sincrónicos, de células claras y de células cromófobas / Synchronous renal adenocarcinomas, clear cell and chromophobe cell types

Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 78años de edad al que se descubren dos neoplasias epitelialesindependientes y sincrónicas en el mismo riñón El tumordominante, el que llevó al paciente al médico y por el cualse realizó la nefrectomía corresponde a un carcinoma decélulas claras típico. El tumor secundario, localizado a 4cm. del tumor principal, fue detectado en el estudio macroscópicode la pieza quirúrgica y corresponde a un carcinomade células cromófobas. El patrón de inmunohistoquímica esel característico y esperado en cada tumor, y confirma laespecificidad de cada uno de ellos. Discusión: Se revisa yse discute la literatura actual relacionada con la coexistenciade diversos tumores de la misma o de distinta estirpe histológicaen el riñón (AU)

Case report: A case of double, independent and synchronousrenal epithelial neoplasms occurring in a 78 yearoldman is reported. The main tumour, the one that led thepatient to consult and the cause of nephrectomy, is a typicalclear cell renal cell carcinoma. The secondary tumour,located 4 cm from the main tumour, was discovered in grossexam and corresponded to a chromophobe cell renal cellcarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry is the expected in suchtumours. Discussión: We review and discuss current literaturerelated to the coexistence of various tumours of thesame or different histological type in the kidney (AU)

El adenocarcinoma de próstata en los años 1999 y 2006. Diferencias en el estudio comparativo de biopsias transrectales y de prostatectomías radicales / Prostate adenocarcinoma in 1999 and 2006. Differences in the comparative study of core biopsies and radical prostatectomies

Antecedentes: El incremento en el diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata en la última década en nuestros hospitales ha llevado consigo un aumento similar en el número de prostatectomías radicales. En este trabajo se analizan las diferencias histológicas observadas entre los pacientes tratados con cirugía radical en los años 1999 y 2006 y se evalúa la evolución habida en la indicación de cirugía radical en un lapso de 7 años. Métodos: Se analizan de forma comparativa los datos histológicos de las prostatectomías radicales, y de sus biopsias transrectales previas, diagnosticadas en 1999 y en 2006. Sólo se han incluido en el análisis los casos con la totalidad de los datos evaluables tanto en la biopsia como en la cirugía. En las biopsias transrectales se valoran la afectación uni o bilateral, el número de focos de tumor, los milímetros totales de tumor, la presencia de PIN de alto grado, el índice de Gleason, y la invasión perineural. En las prostatectomías radicales se evalúa el estadio (pT), el índice de Gleason, la presencia de PIN de alto grado, la invasión de los bordes, la afectación del ápex, la invasión perineural y vascular, la extensión extraprostática, y la invasión de las vesículas seminales. El estudio estadístico comparativo entre ambos grupos se realiza mediante pruebas de c2, t de Student, y Mann-Whitney. Resultados: El estudio incluye 24 prostatectomías radicales de 1999 y 50 de 2006. El pT es significativamente más bajo en 2006 que en 1999 (p=0,032). Asimismo, hay mayor número de carcinomas organo-confinados en 2006 (p=0,034). Además, la extensión extraprostática del cáncer y la invasión de vesículas seminales son significativamente menores en 2006 (p=0,090 y p=0,011, respectivamente). Conclusiones: En 2006, entre los pacientes que han sido tratados con cirugía radical, se observa una disminución significativa en el estadio tumoral. El número de casos con extensión extraprostática y con invasión de vesículas seminales es, asimismo, menor

Background: The increase in number of prostate cancer diagnoses in the last decade is accompanied by a similar increase in the number of radical prostatectomy specimens. We analyse the histological differences between patients treated with radical surgery in 1999 and in 2006. The evolution in the indications for surgery is also evaluated. Methods: Histological data in core biopsies and radical prostatectomies of cases diagnosed in 1999 and 2006 have been compared. Only cases with complete histological information have been included in the study. Bi/unilateral tumour invasion, number of tumour foci, total millimetres of cancer, high-grade PIN, Gleason index, and perineurial invasion have been evaluated in core biopsies. Pathological staging, Gleason index, high-grade PIN, margin status, apex invasion, perineurial and vascular permeation, extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion have been analysed in radical prostatectomies. The statistical study included c2, Student’s t, and Mann-Whitney test. Results: The study includes 24 radical prostatectomies in 1999 and 50 in 2006. The pathological staging is significantly lower in 2006 than in 1999 (p=0.032). Similarly, organ-confined disease is more frequent in 2006 (p=0.034). Extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion by prostate adenocarcinoma are significantly lower in 2006 (p=0.090 y p=0.011, respectively). Conclusions: Prostate adenocarcinoma patients treated with radical surgery in 2006 are at a lower stage compared with 1999 cases

Hipertrofia adiposa del septo interauricular. Presentación de un caso quirúrgico / Lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum. Report of a surgical case

Introducción: La hipertrofia adiposa del septo interauricular es cada vez más frecuentemente reconocida gracias al desarrollo creciente de las técnicas de imagen no invasivas. Presentación del caso: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 72 años de edad aquejada de angina de esfuerzo a la que en el estudio clínico se detectó una hiperplasia adiposa del septo interauricular. El estudio de la pieza de resección quirúrgica mostró la histología típica de esta entidad, con adipocitos maduros y lipoblastos entremezclados con fibras musculares cardiacas. Conclusiones: Aunque esta patología es relativamente frecuente, rara vez necesita ser corregida quirúrgicamente, motivo por el cual los patólogos la suelen diagnosticar en el estudio autópsico. Se revisa la literatura reciente en relación con las lesiones adiposas auriculares

Introduction: Lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum is diagnosed more frequently after the use of non-invasive imaging techniques. Case presentation: A case of lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum in a 72 year-old woman who consulted because of effort-related angina is reported. The study of the excised tissue fragments showed the typical histology, with mature adipocytes and lipoblasts intermingled with cardiac muscle fibres. Conclusions: This lesion is relatively frequent but surgical treatment is rarely needed. So, pathologists take contact with it mainly in the autopsy. The recent literature related to atrial lipomatous lesions is reviewed (AU)

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a clinicopathological and follow-up study of 40 cases and review of the literature.

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare and aggressive variant of cancer that mainly arises in the upper aerodigestive tract. This study reviews the clinico-pathological features and follow-up of a series of cases occurring in the head and neck. During a 32-year period (1974-2005), a total of 40 BSCCs have been diagnosed in the head and neck in our Institution. Males predominated in the series (35M/5F). The average age was 60.2 years (range, 40-85). Tobacco and alcohol consumption was found in more than 80% of the cases. Topographic distribution was as follows: larynx and hypopharynx, 22 cases (55%); oropharynx, 12 cases (30%); and oral cavity 6 cases (15%). The basaloid component predominated in 29 cases (72.5%). Vasculo-lymphatic invasion was detected in 5 cases (12.5%). Lymph node metastases were seen in 25 cases (62.5%, levels II and III in the neck dissection). Local recurrences appeared in 11 cases (27.5%) and distant metastases in 6 (15%). In 7 cases (17.5%) a second primary tumour was detected. The 2002 TNM staging was as follows: Stage I, 5 cases (12.5%); Stage II, 7 cases (17.5%); Stage III, 8 cases (20%), and Stage IV, 20 cases (50%). On follow-up, 21 cases (52.5%) are alive and 19 (47.5%) died of disease. Three- and 5-year overall survival was 50% and 38.5%, respectively. A significant shorter survival was detected in node positive patients (P<0.05).