ABSTRACT
The fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence forms part of the vast majority of current diagnostic protocols for brain MRI. This sequence enables the suppression of the signal from cerebrospinal fluid, facilitating the detection of disease involving the subarachnoid space. The causes of hyperintensity in the arachnoid space in this sequence can be divided into two main categories: hyperintensity due to disease and hyperintensity due to artifacts. Hyperintensity due to tumors, inflammation, vascular disease, or hypercellularity of the cerebrospinal fluid or hematic contents is well known. However, numerous other non-pathological conditions, mainly due to artifacts, that are also associated with this finding are a potential source of diagnostic errors.
Subject(s)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Vascular Diseases , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Subarachnoid Space/diagnostic imaging , Subarachnoid Space/pathology , Neuroimaging , ArtifactsABSTRACT
La secuencia fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) forma parte hoy en día de la gran mayoría de protocolos diagnósticos de RM cerebral. Esta secuencia de inversión-recuperación permite una supresión de la señal del líquido cefalorraquídeo, lo que facilita la detección de enfermedad que afecta al espacio subaracnoideo. Las causas de hiperintensidad del líquido cefalorraquídeo en esta secuencia pueden subdividirse en 2grandes grupos, las patológicas y las debidas a artefactos. Son bien conocidas la etiología tumoral, la inflamatoria, la vascular o las debidas a hipercelularidad del líquido cefalorraquídeo o a ocupación por contenido hemático. Sin embargo, existen numerosas condiciones no patológicas, principalmente debidas a artefactos, que se relacionan con este hallazgo constituyendo una potencial fuente de errores diagnósticos.(AU)
The fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence forms part of the vast majority of current diagnostic protocols for brain MRI. This sequence enables the suppression of the signal from cerebrospinal fluid, facilitating the detection of disease involving the subarachnoid space. The causes of hyperintensity in the arachnoid space in this sequence can be divided into two main categories: hyperintensity due to disease and hyperintensity due to artifacts. Hyperintensity due to tumors, inflammation, vascular disease, or hypercellularity of the cerebrospinal fluid or hematic contents is well known. However, numerous other non-pathological conditions, mainly due to artifacts, that are also associated with this finding are a potential source of diagnostic errors.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Diagnosis, Differential , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Subarachnoid SpaceABSTRACT
Las enfermedades de la médula espinal tienen con frecuencia consecuencias devastadoras y su estudio radiológico es indispensable para su diagnóstico. La técnica de imagen fundamental para su valoración es la resonancia magnética espinal y el enfoque diagnóstico debe basarse en el contexto clínico, el tiempo de evolución y los hallazgos radiológicos, por lo que es necesario en algunos casos la ampliación del estudio a la región cerebral. El primer paso en el algoritmo diagnóstico debe ser excluir la compresión medular antes de valorar otras causas de mielopatía, entre las que se incluyen múltiples etiologías. Este artículo incluye una amplia revisión de las diferentes patologías que pueden producir mielopatías, sus manifestaciones radiológicas, diagnósticos diferenciales y algoritmos diagnósticos. Un adecuado enfoque por parte del radiólogo repercutirá en un mejor manejo y pronóstico de estos pacientes
Diseases of the spinal cord often have devastating consequences and imaging studies are indispensable for their diagnosis. The fundamental imaging technique to evaluate these diseases is magnetic resonance imaging of the spine. The diagnostic approach must be based on the clinical context, the time elapsed since the onset of symptoms and signs, and the imaging findings; for this reason, it sometimes necessary to broaden the study to include the brain. The first step in the diagnostic algorithm is to rule out spinal cord compression before evaluating other causes of myelopathy, which sometimes has multiple causes. This paper includes a broad review of the different diseases that can cause myelopathy, their imaging manifestations, their differential diagnoses, and diagnostic algorithms. Using an appropriate radiological approach will result in better management and prognosis of these patients
Subject(s)
Humans , Spinal Cord Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Spinal Cord Diseases/classification , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Diagnosis, Differential , Algorithms , PrognosisABSTRACT
Diseases of the spinal cord often have devastating consequences and imaging studies are indispensable for their diagnosis. The fundamental imaging technique to evaluate these diseases is magnetic resonance imaging of the spine. The diagnostic approach must be based on the clinical context, the time elapsed since the onset of symptoms and signs, and the imaging findings; for this reason, it sometimes necessary to broaden the study to include the brain. The first step in the diagnostic algorithm is to rule out spinal cord compression before evaluating other causes of myelopathy, which sometimes has multiple causes. This paper includes a broad review of the different diseases that can cause myelopathy, their imaging manifestations, their differential diagnoses, and diagnostic algorithms. Using an appropriate radiological approach will result in better management and prognosis of these patients.
