Immunohistochemical Expression of Cortactin and Focal Adhesion Kinase Predicts Recurrence Risk and Laryngeal Cancer Risk Beyond Histologic Grading.

Background: Cortactin (CTTN) and the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are two major candidate genes to, respectively, drive 11q13- and 8q24-associated aggressive behavior in various cancers. Recent evidence uncovered their clinical relevance in early stages of tumorigenesis as promising biomarkers for cancer risk assessment.Methods: Using a multicenter validation study, CTTN and FAK expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a cohort of 109 patients with laryngeal precancerous lesions, and correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and laryngeal cancer risk. The pathophysiologic role of CTTN and FAK was further investigated using functional studies in cellular models.Results: Positive CTTN and FAK expression (scores 2 and 3) was detected in 49 (41%) and 35 (32%) laryngeal dysplasias, respectively. Univariate Cox analysis showed that CTTN and FAK expression but not histologic grading was significantly associated with both recurrence risk and laryngeal cancer risk. Patients carrying strong CTTN- or FAK-expressing lesions (score 3) experienced the highest laryngeal cancer incidence (log-rank P < 0.001). In multivariate stepwise analysis, FAK expression [HR = 13.91; 95% CI, 4.82-40.15; P < 0.001] and alcohol consumption (HR = 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-4.20; P = 0.014) were significant independent predictors of laryngeal cancer development. Targeting FAK by either RNAi or pharmacologic inhibitors effectively blocked cell growth, colony formation, and invasion into 3D collagen matrices.Conclusions: CTTN and FAK emerge as powerful predictors of laryngeal cancer risk and recurrence risk beyond histologic grading.Impact: Our work supports the applicability of IHC CTTN and FAK as complementary markers for risk stratification in patients with laryngeal precancerous lesions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(7); 805-13. ©2018 AACR.

Analysis of Invasive Activity of CAF Spheroids into Three Dimensional (3D) Collagen Matrices.

Tumor growth and progression is the result of a complex process controlled not only by malignant cancer cells but also by the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the most abundant cellular component of TME, play an active role in tumor invasion and metastasis by promoting cancer cell invasion through cell-cell interactions and secretion of pro-invasive factors such as extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading proteases. Due to their tumor-promoting activities, there is an emerging interest in investigating CAFs biology and its potential as drug targets for cancer therapies. Here we describe an easy and highly reproducible quantitative method to analyze CAF invasive activity by forming multicellular spheroids embedded into a three-dimensional (3D) matrix that mimics in vivo ECM. Subsequently, invasion is monitored over time using a time-lapse microscope. We also provide an automated image analysis system that enables the rapid quantification of the spheroid area increase (invasive area) over time. The use of a 96-well plate format with one CAF spheroid per well and the automated analysis provides a method suitable for drug screening test, such as protease inhibitors.