ABSTRACT
Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune blistering disorder which affects the superficial layers of the epidermis with rare mucosal involvement. We present the case of a 12-year-old girl with PF involving the eyes and eyelids. A literature review of pediatric nonendemic PF revealed another two cases with ocular manifestations. Eyelid involvement is an uncommon feature of PF that should be properly identified and treated.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy is emerging as an alternative treatment for Merkel cell carcinoma, but its long-term effects on response, survival, and safety are not well established. High-quality evidence is needed to estimate the efficacy of this treatment and to review the characteristics of patients and tumors that might improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To summarize efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. METHODS: A systematic review was performed for studies published in MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE. Two reviewers examined the literature and data extraction in duplicate. We estimated the proportions for objective responses, progression-free survival, overall survival, and treatment-related adverse events. Associations between objective response rate and immunobiologic markers were analyzed. RESULTS: Six clinical trials of 201 patients treated with immunotherapy were included. The objective response rate was 51% (95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.62; I2 = 37.1%) and grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events were observed in 18% (95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.29; I2 = 49.5%) of patients. No significant difference was observed between response rates and immunobiologic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: A significantly reduced tumor diameter with durable response rates and a safe profile are obtained with immunotherapy. Similar response rates achieved on either subgroup of viral status or programmed death ligand 1 expression suggests that it might act on multiple, unexplored pathways.
