How sport changed my life? Description of the perceived effects of the experiences of young Colombians throughout a sport for development and peace program.

Introduction: This study contributes to the advancement of the field of Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) research in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). There are still few studies on SDP programs in this region and it is important to document and understand the impacts of these programs on participants. Methods: The present study is the result of a collaborative research that aims to describe the experiences and perceptions of Colombian youth and program managers who participated in an SDP program that took them from a local community sports club to the Olympic Games. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with key actors (administrators, coaches, and athletes) who participated in a triple and transversal (local, district and national) Olympic walking training program. Results: The results provided a better understanding of the program dynamics in the local, regional, and national level, as well as of the short- and long-term effects perceived by the actors of the process on their development, education, health, and career. Recommendations are made for SDP organizations in LAC. Discussion: Future studies should continue to investigate the SDP initiative in LAC to understand how sport can help development and peace building in this region.

Intervenciones de Enfermería en la reversión del estoma intestinal: revisión integrativa / Nursing interventions in stoma reversal: an integrative review

Introducción: los estomas intestinales representan un impacto significativo en la calidad de vida de las personas; sin embargo, estos deben revertirse después de haberse restituido el tránsito intestinal o la resolución del proceso inflamatorio inicial. Por otro lado, la negación de la persona para su reversión puede deberse a la falta de información y orientación por parte de los profesionales de la salud. Por lo anterior es importante identificar las intervenciones de Enfermería en la atención de la persona con reversión del estoma intestinal. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura de alcance descriptivo en el período comprendido entre los años 2015 a 2020, a través de las bases de datos Wos, Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo y Cochrane. Se seleccionaron 36 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión con el respectivo análisis metodológico. Resultados: Se identificaron las siguientes intervenciones de Enfermería, para el preoperatorio: valoración preoperatoria, preparación intestinal y seguimiento a comorbilidades. El intraoperatorio: profilaxis, preparación de la piel, técnica quirúrgica y cierre de la pared abdominal. En el posoperatorio: cuidado de la herida quirúrgica, calidad de vida y educación. Discusión: es importante la reflexión sobre el tiempo de reversión, la técnica quirúrgica y la importancia de las intervenciones por Enfermería. Conclusión: Enfermería cumple un papel importante en la reversión del estoma, no solo por los cuidados físicos y la educación que se brinda, sino también en las intervenciones aplicables al contexto social y emocional que afectan el estilo de vida de la persona.

Introduction: Intestinal stomas have a significant impact on people's quality of life. However, these should be reversed after gastrointestinal transit has been restored or the initial inflammatory response has gone. In addition, patients may refuse to reverse them due to a lack of information and guidance from healthcare professionals. Therefore, it is important to identify nursing interventions in caring for patients with stoma reversal. Materials and Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted in WOS, PubMed, Scopus, SciELO and Cochrane databases published between 2015 and 2020. 36 articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria with their methodological analysis. Results: The following nursing interventions were identified: preoperative assessment, bowel preparation and follow-up of comorbidities in the preoperative period; prophylaxis, skin preparation, surgical technique and abdominal wall closure in the intraoperative period; surgical wound care, quality of life and education in the postoperative period. Discussion: It is essential to reflect on reversal time, surgical technique and the importance of nursing interventions. Conclusions: Nursing plays an important role in stoma reversal not only because of physical care and education provided, but also the interventions applicable to social and emotional contexts affecting the patient's lifestyle.

Introdução: Os estomas intestinais representam um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos; entretanto, eles devem ser revertidos após o trânsito intestinal ter sido restaurado ou o processo inflamatório inicial ter sido resolvido. Por outro lado, a recusa de uma pessoa em revertê-los pode ser devido à falta de informação e orientação dos profissionais de saúde. Portanto, é importante identificar intervenções da Enfermagem no cuidado da pessoa com reversão do estoma intestinal. Materiais e métodos: no período de 2015 a 2020 foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura de escopo descritivo, através das bases de dados Wos, Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo e Cochrane. Foram selecionados 36 artigos que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão e exclusão com a respectiva análise metodológica. Resultados: Foram identificadas as seguintes intervenções de Enfermagem, para o período pré-operatório: avaliação pré-operatória, preparação intestinal e monitoramento de comorbidades. Intra-operatório: profilaxia, preparação da pele, técnica cirúrgica e fechamento da parede abdominal. Pós-operatório: tratamento de feridas cirúrgicas, qualidade de vida e educação. Discussão: é importante refletir sobre o tempo de reversão, a técnica cirúrgica e a importância das intervenções de Enfermagem. Conclusão: A Enfermagem desempenha um papel importante na reversão do estoma, não apenas nos cuidados físicos e na educação fornecida, mas também nas intervenções aplicáveis ao contexto social e emocional que afetam o estilo de vida da pessoa.

Does Altitude of Birth Influence the Performance of National- to Elite-Level Colombian Cyclists?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the altitude of birth/childhood influences the values in peak power output (PPO) and estimated maximum oxygen uptake (estVO2max) in male Colombian road cyclists of different performance levels. This study also aimed to determine whether cyclists born at high altitudes tend to be more successful. METHODS: Eighty riders aged between 17 and 22 years of 3 performance levels (U23 world-class level, WC, n = 8; U23 national level, N23, n = 41; junior national level, J, n = 31) and 3 altitude levels (<800 m, low; 800-2000 m, moderate; >2000 m, high) performed an ergocycle maximal incremental test to exhaustion at an altitude of 2570 m. RESULTS: Altogether, while cyclists born at an altitude >2000 m represented ∼50% of the analyzed sample, there was a significantly higher proportion (84%) of these cyclists who had participated as professionals in a Grand Tour (χ2[1, N = 80] = 4.58, P < .05). Riders of the low group had lower values of PPO and estVO2max than cyclists of moderate and high altitudes, while no differences were noted between moderate- and high-altitude groups. In N23, PPO and estVO2max were lower in the low- than in the moderate-altitude group, while in the J cyclists, PPO and estVO2max were lower in the low-altitude compared with both moderate- and high-altitude groups. DISCUSSION: Among the cyclists tested at altitude in junior and U23, there is an overrepresentation of individuals who reached an elite level and were born at a high altitude (>2000 m). As no clear differences were observed between moderate- and high-altitude cyclists, the higher prevalence of elite cyclists in the latter group may originate from various-still unclear-mechanisms.

Consideraciones anestésicas para el abordaje del paciente quirúrgico con COVID-19 / Anesthetic considerations for the management of the surgical patient with COVID-19

Resumen Introducción: La situación actual causada por el COVID-19 demanda la implementación de nuevas técnicas en el manejo anestésico y los riesgos preexistentes en los servicios quirúrgicos. Objetivo: Identificar las consideraciones anestésicas para pacientes con COVID-19 con el fin de sugerir intervenciones en el área quirúrgica. Metodología: Revisión integrativa de alcance descriptivo en conjunto con el cumplimiento de los pasos metodológicos de Whittemore-Knafl y los parámetros PRISMA. Se realizó la búsqueda en las bases de datos: PubMed, BVS, Coronavirus Research Database, SCOPUS, Elsevier y SAGE. Se obtuvieron 953 artículos que, junto a un análisis crítico por CASPe, cumplieron los criterios establecidos de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 27 artículos clasificados en: criterios de selección de técnica anestésica; anestesia general y el uso de medicamentos específicos para el manejo anestésico que disminuyan la tos y prevengan la liberación de aerosoles; manejo de la vía aérea encaminada a evitar intubaciones fallidas; anestesia regional y consideraciones de enfermería sobre la preparación de elementos y dispositivos de manera previa al ingreso del paciente al quirófano; identificación y monitorización de pacientes sintomáticos y asintomáticos durante el proceso perioperatorio. Conclusión: Con respecto a la técnica anestésica, es importante priorizar el uso, en cuanto sea posible, de la anestesia regional guiada con ultrasonido. En caso de requerirse la anestesia general, es recomendable mantener las precauciones para prevenir el contagio con el virus. Para enfermería, es destacable el rol en la preparación de un entorno quirúrgico seguro, del conocimiento sobre la técnica anestésica empleada y los cuidados individualizados según las necesidades requeridas.

Abstract Introduction: The current situation caused by COVID-19 demands the implementation of new techniques in anesthetic management and pre-existing risks in surgical services. Objective: to identify the anesthetic considerations for patients with COVID-19 to suggest interventions in the surgical area. Methodology: Integrative review of descriptive scope in conjunction with compliance with the methodological steps of Whittemore-Knafl and the PRISMA parameters. The search was performed in the following databases: PubMed, VHL, Coronavirus Research Database, SCOPUS, Elsevier, and SAGE. A total of 953 articles were obtained, which together with a critical analysis by CASPe, met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Twenty-seven articles classified as: selection criteria for anesthetic techniques; general anesthesia and the use of specific medications for anesthetic management that reduce cough and prevent the release of aerosols; airway management to avoid failed intubations; regional anesthesia and nursing considerations in the preparation of elements and devices prior to the patient's admission to the operating room; identification and follow-up of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients during the perioperative process. Conclusion: Regarding the anesthetic technique, it is important to prioritize the use, as far as possible, of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. If general anesthesia is required, it is advisable to maintain precautions to prevent infection with the virus. For nursing, the role in preparing a safe surgical environment, knowledge of the anesthetic technique used and individualized care according to the required needs stand out.

Preparación de la piel para la prevención de la Infección del Sitio Operatorio: Revisión de Alcance / Skin Preparation for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection: A Scoping Review

Introducción: La Infección del sitio operatorio genera un impacto económico y social debido a los altos costos durante la recuperación, la estancia hospitalaria y la afectación de la calidad de vida, por esto, es necesario identificar las intervenciones y recomendaciones para la preparación de la piel, encaminadas a la prevención de la infección del sitio operatorio, basado en la evidencia científica. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de alcance en el marco del Instituto Joanna Briggs y los parámetros Prisma-P. En las bases de datos Medline, OVID, Pubmed, Scielo, BVS y Cochrane, publicadas entre los años 2010­2019, en los idiomas inglés, portugues y español. Resultados: Se analizaron 28 artículos. De estos, se identificaron 6 de la categoría general incluidas las guías de prevención de infección del sitio operatorio, 6 para el baño preoperatorio, 6 para la realización del rasurado y 10 de asepsia y antisepsia. Discusión: Con respecto al baño preoperatorio, es una práctica recomendada internacionalmente, la evidencia demuestra que esta actividad no representa ningún beneficio; en la categoría de rasurado, la recomendación es no remover el vello a menos que sea absolutamente necesario. Frente a la asepsia del sitio quirúrgico, el aporte es más que todo informativo acerca de los antisépticos y se recomienda el uso de la clorhexidina. Conclusiones: De acuerdo a la revisión sistemática de alcance de la literatura, no se evidencia una estandarización en las recomendaciones e intervenciones, para la preparación de la piel en la prevención de Infección del Sitio Operatorio.

Abstract Introduction: Surgical Site Infections have an economic and social impact due to high costs during recovery, hospital stay and deterioration in quality of life. Therefore, it is required to identify interventions and recommendations for skin preparation aimed at preventing surgical site infection based on a scientific evidence-based approach. Materials and Methods: A systematic scoping review was conducted on English, Portuguese and Spanish articles published in Medline, Ovid, PubMed, Scielo, BVS, and Cochrane in 2010-2019 using the Joanna Briggs Institute approach and Prisma-P parameters. Results: After analyzing a total of 28 articles, 6 articles were found to be related to the general category (including guidelines for prevention of surgical site infection), 6 for preoperative bathing, 6 for preoperative hair removal and 10 for asepsis and antisepsis. Discussion: Although preoperative bathing is an internationally recognized practice, scientific evidence shows that this activity does not have any benefit. As for preoperative hair removal, it is not recommended except where absolutely necessary. As for surgical asepsis, mostly informative aspects are found about the use of antiseptics and chlorhexidine. Conclusions: Based on the systematic scoping review of the literature, a lack of standardization was found regarding interventions and recommendations for skin preparation for the prevention of Surgical Site Infection

Introdução: A Infecção do Local Operatório gera impacto econômico e social devido aos altos custos durante a recuperação, internação e o impacto na qualidade de vida, portanto, é necessário identificar as intervenções e recomendações para o preparo da pele, visando à prevenção de cirurgias da infecção local operativo, com base em evidências científicas. Materiais e Métodos: Uma revisão sistemática de alcance foi realizada dentro da estrutura do Instituto Joanna Briggs e dos parâmetros Prisma-P. Nas bases de dados Medline, OVID, Pubmed, Scielo, BVS e Cochrane, publicadas entre os anos 2010-2019, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Resultados: Foram analisados 28 artigos. Destes, 6 foram identificados na categoria geral, incluindo as diretrizes de prevenção de infecção de local cirúrgico, 6 para o banho pré-operatório, 6 para barbear e 10 para assepsia e antissepsia. Discussão: Em relação ao banho pré-operatório, é uma prática recomendada internacionalmente, as evidências demonstram que esta atividade não representa nenhum benefício; na categoria de barbear, a recomendação é não remover os pelos, a menos que seja absolutamente necessário. Dada à assepsia do local cirúrgico, a contribuição é principalmente informativa sobre os antissépticos e recomenda-se o uso da clorexidina. Conclusões: De acordo com a revisão sistemática do alcance da literatura, não há evidências de uma padronização nas recomendações e intervenções, para o preparo da pele na prevenção da Infecção do Local Operatório.

Preparación de la piel para la prevención de la Infección del Sitio Operatorio: Revisión de Alcance / Skin Preparation for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection: A Scoping Review / Preparação da pele para a prevenção da infecção do sítio operatório: revisão do escopo

Resumen Introducción La Infección del sitio operatorio genera un impacto económico y social debido a los altos costos durante la recuperación, la estancia hospitalaria y la afectación de la calidad de vida, por esto, es necesario identificar las intervenciones y recomendaciones para la preparación de la piel, encaminadas a la prevención de la infección del sitio operatorio, basado en la evidencia científica. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó una revisión sistemática de alcance en el marco del Instituto Joanna Briggs y los parámetros Prisma-P. En las bases de datos Medline, OVID, Pubmed, Scielo, BVS y Cochrane, publicadas entre los años 2010-2019, en los idiomas inglés, portuges y español. Resultados Se analizaron 28 artículos. De estos, se identificaron 6 de la categoría general incluidas las guías de prevención de infección del sitio operatorio, 6 para el baño preoperatorio, 6 para la realización del rasurado y 10 de asepsia y antisepsia. Discusión Con respecto al baño preoperatorio, es una práctica recomendada internacionalmente, la evidencia demuestra que esta actividad no representa ningún beneficio; en la categoría de rasurado, la recomendación es no remover el vello a menos que sea absolutamente necesario. Frente a la asepsia del sitio quirúrgico, el aporte es más que todo informativo acerca de los antisépticos y se recomienda el uso de la clorhexidina. Conclusiones De acuerdo a la revisión sistemática de alcance de la literatura, no se evidencia una estandarización en las recomendaciones e intervenciones, para la preparación de la piel en la prevención de Infección del Sitio Operatorio.

Abstract Introduction Surgical Site Infections have an economic and social impact due to high costs during recovery, hospital stay and deterioration in quality of life. Therefore, it is required to identify interventions and recommendations for skin preparation aimed at preventing surgical site infection based on a scientific evidence-based approach. Materials and Methods A systematic scoping review was conducted on English, Portuguese and Spanish articles published in Medline, Ovid, PubMed, Scielo, BVS, and Cochrane in 2010-2019 using the Joanna Briggs Institute approach and Prisma-P parameters. Results After analyzing a total of 28 articles, 6 articles were found to be related to the general category (including guidelines for prevention of surgical site infection), 6 for preoperative bathing, 6 for preoperative hair removal and 10 for asepsis and antisepsis. Discussion Although preoperative bathing is an internationally recognized practice, scientific evidence shows that this activity does not have any benefit. As for preoperative hair removal, it is not recommended except where absolutely necessary. As for surgical asepsis, mostly informative aspects are found about the use of antiseptics and chlorhexidine. Conclusions Based on the systematic scoping review of the literature, a lack of standardization was found regarding interventions and recommendations for skin preparation for the prevention of Surgical Site Infection

Resumo Introdução A Infecção do Local Operatório gera impacto econômico e social devido aos altos custos durante a recuperação, internação e o impacto na qualidade de vida, portanto, é necessário identificar as intervenções e recomendações para o preparo da pele, visando à prevenção de cirurgias da infecção local operativo, com base em evidências científicas. Materiais e Métodos Uma revisão sistemática de alcance foi realizada dentro da estrutura do Instituto Joanna Briggs e dos parâmetros Prisma-P. Nas bases de dados Medline, OVID, Pubmed, Scielo, BVS e Cochrane, publicadas entre os anos 2010-2019, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Resultados Foram analisados 28 artigos. Destes, 6 foram identificados na categoria geral, incluindo as diretrizes de prevenção de infecção de local cirúrgico, 6 para o banho pré-operatório, 6 para barbear e 10 para assepsia e antissepsia. Discussão Em relação ao banho pré-operatório, é uma prática recomendada internacionalmente, as evidências demonstram que esta atividade não representa nenhum benefício; na categoria de barbear, a recomendação é não remover os pelos, a menos que seja absolutamente necessário. Dada à assepsia do local cirúrgico, a contribuição é principalmente informativa sobre os antissépticos e recomenda-se o uso da clorexidina. Conclusões De acordo com a revisão sistemática do alcance da literatura, não há evidências de uma padronização nas recomendações e intervenções, para o preparo da pele na prevenção da Infecção do Local Operatório.

Abordaje de paciente con sospecha de COVID-19 en el entorno quirúrgico: revisión integrativa / Approach to a Patient with Suspected COVID-19 in the Surgical Setting: An Integrative Review / Abordagem de um paciente com suspeita de COVID-19 no cenário cirúrgico: uma revisão integrativa

Introducción: La necesidad quirúrgica en el contexto de la pandemia actual ocasionada por la enfermedad COVID-19 puede ser de riesgo para los profesionales de la salud. Por esto, se considera que para las enfermedades urgentes que requieren intervención quirúrgica se deben tomar decisiones según las recomendaciones mundiales para el manejo del virus SARS-CoV2. Esta revisión busca describir y analizar las diferentes recomendaciones para el abordaje de un paciente con sospecha de COVID-19 en el entorno quirúrgico. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión integrativa de literatura con un alcance descriptivo, publicados en el período comprendido entre noviembre de 2019 y abril de 2020, a través de las bases de datos Pubmed, Medline, Science-Direct, Google Scholar y Scopus. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 12 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y que hacen referencia a las medidas y recomendaciones para el abordaje del paciente con sospecha de COVID-19. En el preoperatorio, se enfatiza preparación del quirófano, medidas de protección personal y traslado del paciente al quirófano. En el intraoperatorio, se destacan las medidas para la anestesia, manejo de la vía aérea, limpieza y desinfección del área quirúrgica y recomendaciones específicas para el postoperatorio. Discusión: se discute el equipo de protección personal y las técnicas para minimizar la probabilidad de infección cruzada. Conclusión: El equipo quirúrgico debe mantener las medidas estándar para el manejo del paciente quirúrgico con sospecha de COVID-19 para evitar la propagación y posible contagio por el virus SARS-CoV-2, garantizando una atención quirúrgica segura.

Introduction: The need for surgery in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic may be a risk for health professionals. For urgent diseases requiring surgical interventions, appropriate decisions should be made according to international recommendations on management of the SARS-CoV2 virus. The study aims to describe and analyze the different recommendations for managing suspected COVID-19 patients in surgical settings. Materials and Methods: An integrative descriptive literature review was conducted on articles published between November 2019 and April 2020 in PubMed, Medline, Science-Direct, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Results: 12 studies related to measures and recommendations for the management of suspected COVID-19 patients met the inclusion criteria and were selected. During preoperative care, aspects such as the preparation of the operating room, the use of personal protection equipment, and patient transfer to the operating room were highlighted. During intraoperative care, measures for anesthesia, airway management, cleaning and disinfection of operating rooms, and specific recommendations for postoperative care are highlighted. Discussion: Personal protective equipment and techniques to minimize the risk of cross-infection are reviewed. Conclusions: The surgical team should maintain standard measures for the management of surgical suspected COVID-19 patients to prevent the spread and possible infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus and ensure safe surgical care.

Introdução: A necessidade de cirurgia no contexto da atual pandemia causada pela doença COVID-19 pode ser um risco para os profissionais de saúde. Por esta razão, considera-se que para doenças urgentes que requerem intervenções cirúrgicas, as decisões devem ser tomadas de acordo com as recomendações internacionais para o tratamento do vírus SRA-CoV2. Esta revisão visa descrever e analisar as diferentes recomendações para o manejo de pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19 em ambientes cirúrgicos. Materiais e métodos: Realizamos uma revisão integrativa da literatura com escopo descritivo, publicada no período de novembro de 2019 a abril de 2020 nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline, Science-Direct, Google Scholar e Scopus. Resultados: Foram selecionados 12 estudos que preencheram os critérios de inclusão e que se referem a medidas e recomendações para o tratamento de pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19. Na fase pré-operatória, foi dada ênfase na preparação da sala de cirurgia, medidas de proteção pessoal e transferência do paciente para a sala de cirurgia. Na fase intraoperatória, são enfatizadas medidas para anestesia, controle das vias aéreas, limpeza e desinfecção da área cirúrgica e recomendações específicas para a fase pós-operatória. Discussão: Equipamentos de proteção individual e técnicas para minimizar a probabilidade de infecção cruzada são revisados. Conclusão: A equipe cirúrgica deve manter medidas padrão para o tratamento dos pacientes cirúrgicos com suspeita de COVID-19 para prevenir a propagação e possível infecção pelo vírus SRA-CoV-2 e garantir cuidados cirúrgicos seguros.

Is a vegan diet detrimental to endurance and muscle strength?

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In the general population, there is a popular belief that a vegan diet may be associated with a lower exercise performance due to the lack of certain nutrients in vegan individuals. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine endurance and muscle strength differences between vegan and omnivore participants. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We studied 56 healthy young lean physically active women (age: 25.6 ± 4.1 years; body mass index: 22 ± 1.9 kg/m2). Participants were classified as vegan (n = 28) or omnivore (n = 28) based on their eating habits. All volunteers followed either a vegan or an omnivore diet for at least 2 years. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, estimated maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), a submaximal endurance test (70% of VO2 max), muscle strength (leg and chest press), and dietary factors were measured. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable for physical activity levels, body mass index, percent body fat, lean body mass, and muscle strength. However, vegans had a significantly higher estimated VO2 max (44.5 ± 5.2 vs. 41.6 ± 4.6 ml/kg/min; p = 0.03, respectively) and submaximal endurance time to exhaustion (12.2 ± 5.7 vs. 8.8 ± 3.0 min; p = 0.007, respectively) compared with omnivores. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a vegan diet does not seem to be detrimental to endurance and muscle strength in healthy young lean women. In fact, our study showed that submaximal endurance might be better in vegans compared with omnivores. Therefore, these findings contradict the popular belief of the general population.

Effectiveness of a Nursing Intervention to Diminish Preoperative Anxiety in Patients Programmed for Knee Replacement Surgery: Preventive Controlled and Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVES: This work was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a nursing intervention, based on the motivational interview, to diminish preoperative anxiety in patients programmed for knee replacement surgery. METHODS: Preventive type controlled and randomized clinical trial, on a sample of 56 patients programmed for knee replacement surgery in a clinic in Girardot (Colombia). Random assignment was made: an intervention group (n=28) and a control group (n=28). The six-question Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale was applied before and after the intervention. The scale has a total score ranging from 5 to 30; the higher the score, the greater the preoperative anxiety. The nursing intervention was conducted in three sessions of motivational interview each lasting 40 min, during the six weeks prior to the surgical procedure; the control group received conventional management of education in the health institution. RESULTS: The mean score of preoperative anxiety was equal in the pre-intervention evaluation in both groups (19.76 in the experimental versus 22.02 in the control =22.02; p<0.226), while during the post-intervention, the anxiety score was lower in the intervention group compared with the control group (15.56 and 20.30, respectively; p <0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Nursing intervention based on the motivational interview was effective in diminishing preoperative anxiety in patients programmed for knee replacement surgery.

Ambulatory blood pressure reduction following 2 weeks of high-intensity interval training on an immersed ergocycle.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension guidelines recommend moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for the primary or secondary prevention of hypertension. However, alternative modalities, such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on dry land or in water, have been studied less widely. AIM: To assess chronic blood pressure (BP) response to a 2-week training programme involving six sessions of either MICT or HIIT performed on dry land or HIIT performed in an immersed condition, in participants with baseline office systolic/diastolic BP (SBP/DBP)≥130/85mmHg. METHODS: We randomly assigned 42 individuals (mean age 65±7 years; 52% men) with baseline office SBP/DBP≥130/85mmHg to perform six 24-minute sessions on an ergocycle (three times a week for 2 weeks) of either MICT on dry land, HIIT on dry land or HIIT in a swimming pool, and assessed BP responses using 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring. RESULTS: While 2-week MICT and HIIT on dry land modified none of the 24-hour average haemodynamic variables significantly, immersed HIIT induced a significant decrease in 24-hour BP (SBP -5.1±7.3 [P=0.02]; DBP -2.9±4.1mmHg [P=0.02]) and daytime BP (SBP -6.2±8.3 [P=0.015]; DBP -3.4±4.0mmHg [P=0.008]), and slightly improved 24-hour and daytime pulse wave velocity (PWV) (24-hour PWV -0.17±0.23m/s [P=0.015]; daytime PWV -0.18±0.24m/s [P=0.02]). CONCLUSION: HIIT on an immersed stationary ergocycle is an innovative method that should be considered as an efficient non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension. As such, it should now be implemented in a larger cohort to study its long-term effects on the cardiovascular system.

Effectiveness of a Nursing Intervention to Diminish Preoperative Anxiety in Patients Programmed for Knee Replacement Surgery: Preventive Controlled and Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract Objective. This work was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a nursing intervention, based on the motivational interview, to diminish preoperative anxiety in patients programmed for knee replacement surgery. Methods. Preventive type controlled and randomized clinical trial, on a sample of 56 patients programmed for knee replacement surgery in a clinic in Girardot (Colombia). Random assignment was made: an intervention group (n=28) and a control group (n=28). The six-question Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale was applied before and after the intervention. The scale has a total score ranging from 5 to 30; the higher the score, the greater the preoperative anxiety. The nursing intervention was conducted in three sessions of motivational interview each lasting 40 min, during the six weeks prior to the surgical procedure; the control group received conventional management of education in the health institution. Results. The mean score of preoperative anxiety was equal in the pre-intervention evaluation in both groups (19.76 in the experimental versus 22.02 in the control =22.02; p<0.226), while during the post-intervention, the anxiety score was lower in the intervention group compared with the control group (15.56 and 20.30, respectively; p<0.013). Conclusion. Nursing intervention based on the motivational interview was effective in diminishing preoperative anxiety in patients programmed for knee replacement surgery.

Resumen Objetivo. Determinar la efectividad de una intervención de enfermería basada en la entrevista motivacional, para disminuir la ansiedad preoperatoria en pacientes programados para cirugía de reemplazo de rodilla. Métodos. Ensayo clínico controlado y aleatorizado tipo preventivo, en una muestra de 56 pacientes programados para cirugía de remplazo de rodilla en una clínica en Girardot (Colombia). Se asignaron en forma aleatoria: un grupo de intervención (n=28) y un grupo de control (n=28). Antes y después de la intervención, se aplicó la escala de seis preguntas, APAIS (The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale), la cual tiene un puntaje total que va de 5 a 30: a más puntaje, mayor la ansiedad preoperatoria. La intervención de enfermería se desarrolló en 3 sesiones de entrevista motivacional con una duración de 40 minutos, durante las 6 semanas anteriores a la realización del procedimiento quirúrgico. El grupo de control recibió el manejo convencional de educación en la institución de salud. Resultados. La media del puntaje de ansiedad preoperatoria fue igual en la evaluación preintervención en los dos grupos (19.76 en el experimental versus 22.02 en el control = 22.02; p<0.226), mientras que en la posintervención el puntaje de ansiedad fue menor en el grupo de intervención comparado con el grupo control (15.56 y 20.30, respectivamente; p<0.013). Conclusión. La intervención de enfermería basada en la entrevista motivacional fue efectiva en la disminución de la ansiedad preoperatoria en pacientes programados para cirugía de reemplazo de rodilla.

Resumo Objetivo. Determinar a efetividade de uma intervenção de enfermagem baseada na entrevista motivacional, para diminuir a ansiedade pré-operatória em pacientes programados para cirurgia de prótese de joelho. Métodos. Ensaio clínico controlado e aleatorizado tipo preventivo, numa amostra de 56 pacientes programados para cirurgia de prótese de joelho numa clínica em Girardot (Colômbia). Foram designados em forma aleatória: um grupo de intervenção (n=28) e um grupo de controle (n=28). Se aplicou antes e depois da intervenção, a escala de seis perguntas, APAIS (The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale), a qual tem uma pontuação total que vá de 5 a 30 a mais pontuação, é maior a ansiedade pré-operatório. A intervenção de enfermagem se desenvolvimento em 3 sessões de entrevista motivacional com uma duração de 40 minutos, durante as 6 semanas anteriores à realização do procedimento cirúrgico; o grupo de controle recebeu o manejo convencional de educação na instituição de saúde. Resultados. A média da pontuação de ansiedade pré-operatória foi igual na avaliação préintervenção nos dois grupos (19.76 no experimental versus 22.02 no controle = 22.02; p<0.226), enquanto que na pós-intervenção a pontuação de ansiedade foi menor no grupo de intervenção comparado com o grupo controle (15.56 e 20.30, respectivamente; p<0.013). Conclusão. A intervenção de enfermagem baseada na entrevista motivacional foi efetiva na diminuição da ansiedade pré-operatória em pacientes programados para cirurgia de prótese de joelho.

La autoeficacia en el post-infarto / Self-efficacy after myocardial infarction

Resumen Introducción. Después de un infarto agudo de miocardio, los pacientes experimentan altos niveles de estrés emocional y ansiedad. Estas percepciones limitan sus comportamientos saludables. Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de autoeficacia general en pacientes post-infarto agudo de miocardio según la edad, género, estado de rehabilitación y atención en una unidad de cardiología en Girardot. Materiales y métodos. Investigación descriptiva, evaluada a través de la Escala general de autoeficacia versión ll, en una población de 149 personas entre los 35 y 65 años. Para el análisis estadístico de los resultados se utilizaron medidas estadísticas descriptivas y pruebas de correlación. Resultados. La edad de los participantes tuvo una media de 52 años. El análisis de la autoeficacia por grupo de edad evidenció incidencia mínima de la autoeficacia en el grupo de edad. Según el género, los hombres se percibieron más autoeficaces que las mujeres. Además, los pacientes que no asistieron a la rehabilitación cardíaca tuvieron un nivel de autoeficacia general ligeramente mayor en comparación con los rehabilitados. Conclusiones. No hubo relación entre la edad, el género y la rehabilitación frente al nivel de autoeficacia. Estas variables dependieron de otras diferentes a las del estudio.

Abstract Introduction: After an acute myocardial infarction, patients experience high levels of emotional stress and anxiety, which limit healthy behaviors. Objective: To determine the general level of self-efficacy in post-acute myocardial infarction patients according to age, sex, rehabilitation status and care in a cardiology unit of Girardot. Materials and methods: Descriptive study in which the general scale of self-efficacy version II was used in a population of 149 people aged between 35 and 65 years. Descriptive statistical measures and correlation tests were used to perform the statistical analysis of the results. Results: The average age of the participants was 52. The analysis by age group showed a minimal incidence. A sex analysis showed that men perceive themselves as more self-efficacious than women. In addition, patients who did not attend cardiac rehabilitation had a slightly higher overall self-efficacy rate compared to rehabilitated patients. Conclusions: There was no correlation between age, sex, and rehabilitation versus the self-efficacy level. In fact, these variables depended on others not considered in this study.

Immersible ergocycle prescription as a function of relative exercise intensity.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between various expressions of relative exercise intensity percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max), percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax), %VO2 reserve (%VO2R), and %HR reserve (%HRR)) in order to obtain the more appropriate method for exercise intensity prescription when using an immersible ergocycle (IE) and to propose a prediction equation to estimate oxygen consumption (VO2) based on IE pedaling rate (rpm) for an individualized exercise training prescription. METHODS: Thirty-three healthy participants performed incremental exercise tests on IE and dryland ergocycle (DE) at equal external power output (Pext). Exercise on IE began at 40 rpm and was increased by 10 rpm until exhaustion. Exercise on DE began with an initial load of 25 W and increased by 25 W/min until exhaustion. VO2 was measured with a portable gas analyzer (COSMED K4b2) during both incremental tests. On IE and DE, %VO2R, %HRmax, and %HRR at equal Pext did not differ (p > 0.05). RESULTS: The %HRR vs. %VO2R regression for both IE and DE did not differ from the identity line %VO2R IE = 0.99 × HRR IE (%) + 0.01 (r 2 = 0.91, SEE = 11%); %VO2R DE = 0.94 × HRR DE (%) + 0.01 (r 2 = 0.94, SEE = 8%). Similar mean values for %HRmax, %VO2R, and %HRR at equal Pext were observed on IE and DE. Predicted VO2 obtained according to rpm on IE is represented by: VO2 (L/min) = 0.000542 × rpm2 - 0.026 × rpm + 0.739 (r = 0.91, SEE = 0.319 L/min). CONCLUSION: The %HRR-%VO2R relationship appears to be the most accurate for exercise training prescription on IE. This study offers new tools to better prescribe, control, and individualize exercise intensity on IE.

Thermoneutral immersion exercise accelerates heart rate recovery: A potential novel training modality.

This study compared heart rate recovery (HRR) after incremental maximal exercise performed at the same external power output (Pext) on dry land ergocycle (DE) vs. immersible ergocycle (IE). Fifteen young healthy participants (30 ± 7 years, 13 men and 2 women) performed incremental maximal exercise tests on DE and on IE. The initial Pext on DE was 25 W and was increased by 25 W/min at a pedalling cadence between 60 and 80 rpm, while during IE immersion at chest level in thermoneutral water (30°C), the initial Pext deployment was at a cadence of 40 rpm which was increased by 10 rpm until 70 rpm and thereafter by 5 rpm until exhaustion. Gas exchange and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously during exercise and recovery for 5 min. Maximal HR (DE: 176 ± 15 vs. IE 169 ± 12 bpm) reached by the subjects in the two conditions did not differ (P > .05). Parasympathetic reactivation parameters (ΔHR from 10 to 300 s) were compared during the DE and IE HR recovery recordings. During the IE recovery, parasympathetic reactivation in the early phase was more predominant (HRR at Δ10-Δ60 s, P < .05), but similar in the late phase (HRR at Δ120-Δ300 s, P > .05) when compared to the DE condition. In conclusion, incremental maximal IE exercise at chest level immersion in thermoneutral water accelerates the early phase parasympathetic reactivation compared to DE in healthy young participants.

Results From Colombia's 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) is vital to the holistic development of young people. Regular participation in PA is associated with substantial benefits for health, cognitive function, and social inclusion. Recognizing the potential of PA in the context of the current peace process in Colombia, the purpose of this article is to present the methodology and results of Colombia's second Report Card on PA for children and youth. METHODS: A group of experts on PA graded 14 PA indicators based on data from national surveys and policy documents. RESULTS: National and departmental policy indicators received a grade of B, while organized sport participation, overweight, obesity, community influence, and nongovernment initiatives indicators received a grade of C. Overall PA levels, active transportation, sedentary behaviors, and school influence received a grade of D. Active play, low physical fitness, and family influence received an Incomplete grade. CONCLUSIONS: PA levels are low and sedentary behaviors are high in Colombian children and youth, with notable geographic differences. A broad policy framework translated into specific actions could provide unique opportunities to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice, and contribute to social integration goals in a postconflict setting.

Ambulatory blood pressure reduction following high-intensity interval exercise performed in water or dryland condition.

We aimed to compare blood pressure (BP) responses following moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in dry land or HIIE in immersed condition, using 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring. Forty-two individuals (65 ± 7 years, 52% men) with a baseline BP ≥ 130/85 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic blood pressures [SBP/DBP]) were randomly assigned to perform one of the three following exercises on a stationary cycle: MICE (24 minutes at 50% peak power output) or HIIE in dry land (two sets of 10 minutes with phases of 15 seconds 100% peak power output interspersed by 15 seconds of passive recovery) or HIIE in up-to-the-chest immersed condition. While MICE modified none of the 24-hour average hemodynamic variables, dryland HIIE induced a 24-hour BP decrease (SBP: -3.6 ± 5.7/DBP: -2.8 ± 3.0 mm Hg, P < .05) and, to a much greater extent, immersed HIIE (SBP: -6.8 ± 9.5/DBP: -3.0 ± 4.5 mm Hg, P < .05). The one condition that modified 24-hour pulse-wave velocity was immersed HIIE (-0.21 ± 0.30 m/s, P < .05).

Cardiovascular and hemodynamic responses on dryland vs. immersed cycling.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of water immersion on oxygen uptake (VO2) and central hemodynamic responses during incremental maximal exercise at the same external power output (P ext) and recovery on an immersible ergocycle vs. a dryland ergocycle. DESIGN: Cross-over design study. METHODS: Twenty healthy participants (32 ± 7 years; 173 ± 6 cm; 71.7 ± 9.7 kg) performed maximal incremental exercise tests while pedalling either immersed on immersible ergocycle (Hydrorider(®)) or on dryland ergocycle (Ergoline 800 S; Bitz, Germany). Initial P ext of dryland ergocycle protocol was set at 25 W and increased by 25 W every minute until exhaustion. P ext on immersible ergocycle was controlled by pedalling rate (rpm). Initial rpm was set at 40 rpm and was increased by 10 rpm until 70 rpm and thereafter by 5 rpm until exhaustion. Gas exchange and central hemodynamic parameters were measured continuously during exercise and a 5-min recovery period. Reported VO2, stroke volume, cardiac output (Q) and arteriovenous difference (C(a-v)O2) were compared. RESULTS: During exercise on immersible ergocycle, VO2 and C(a-v)O2 were lower (P < 0.0001) whereas stroke volume and Q were higher (P < 0.05) relative to a dryland ergocycle exercise of equivalent P ext. CONCLUSIONS: During exercise and recovery in immersion, (VO2) and arteriovenous difference were reduced in healthy young participants, while stroke volume and cardiac output were increased for the same P ext. During the recovery, central hemodynamics responses remained higher in immersible ergocycle.