Assessment of symptom intensity and psychological well-being of patients with advanced cancer undergoing palliative care in a Brazilian public hospital: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: The characterization of clinical-emotional aspects of advanced cancer patients is essential for palliative care. To date, there is scarce information regarding the socio-demographic and clinical profiles, as well as the quality of care given to hospitalized patients under this condition, particularly in South American countries. The objectives of this study were to analyze the socio-demographic profile, symptoms (including psychological well-being), and the quality of life of advanced cancer patients admitted to the oncology ward of the General Hospital of the University of Campinas, Brazil. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, patients were invited to fill the selected questionnaires such as Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and Palliative Care Outcome Scale (POS). Descriptive analyses were performed, regarding socio-demographic profile, symptoms, level of information over treatment aims, and quality-of-life scores. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients were included, of whom 29 were male and 30 female, with a mean age of 58 years. Overall, 31.9% presented pain at the time of the interview, 52.5% depression, and 76.3% anxiety. The median individual scores for ESAS and POS (and interquartile range) were, respectively, 27 (17-41) and 14 (9-19). Patients with previous knowledge of treatment objectives reported worse depression scores in the ESAS (median 2 vs. 0, p 0.02), even when correcting for possible confounders. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: In contrast to current literature, in which pain is a prevalent report, depression and anxiety were more evident in this specific population of hospitalized patients. This framework reflects the need for valuing not only physical but also emotional symptoms to achieve the integrality of care.

Quality of life of family caregivers and survival of head and neck cancer patients in palliative care.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the effect of sociodemographic and genetic features on the quality of life (QoL) of family caregivers (FCGs) of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) in palliative care (PC) and the effect of QoL of FCGs on patients' survival. METHODS: A questionnaire was applied to obtain sociodemographic information of 100 FCGs of patients with HNC in PC. The WHOQoL-bref questionnaire was used to measure QoL. Genotypes were identified using real-time PCR. Differences between groups were assessed by linear regression. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated by the Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) regression. RESULTS: Worse QoL in the overall QoL (p = 0.04), physical health (p = 0.04), psychological (p = 0.005), and environment (p = 0.02) domains was associated to employed caregivers. Collective transport was related to worse QoL of the FCGs in the general health (p = 0.02) and psychological (p = 0.01) domains. Lower levels of QoL of FCGs in the social relationships domain were predictive of a decrease in EFS (HR: 1.98, p = 0.01) and OS (HR: 2.01, p = 0.01) of the patients. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that employment status and means of transportation may impair the QoL of FCGs. Lower levels of QoL of FCGs in the social relationships domain could decrease patients' survival.

Influence of Sociodemographic Characteristics and Inflammation-Related Gene Variants on the Comfort Level of Caregivers of Patients With Head and Neck Cancer.

Background: Sociodemographic characteristics and inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-1 cytokine receptor type 2 (IL1R2), IL-6, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells like 2 (TREML2), may influence psychological disorders, including discomfort. Single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) determine individual differences for the modulation of cytokines and indicate that genetics may also influence the comfort levels. However, the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, holistic comfort, and the roles played by IL1B rs16944, IL1R2 rs4141134, IL6 rs1800795, and TREML2 rs3747742 SNVs on the comfort levels of family caregivers (FCGs) of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients in palliative care (PC) is unknown. Thus, its investigation consisted in the aim of the present study. Methods: A questionnaire was applied to obtain sociodemographic information on 95 FCGs. The genotypes were identified using TaqMan assays. The Holistic Comfort Questionnaire for the Caregiver, which consists of 49 questions, was used to measure comfort levels. Differences between groups were assessed by the t test and linear regression. Results: Employed FCGs (p = .04), those youngest (p = .04), smokers (p = .04), and those with IL1R2 GA or AA genotypes (p = .03) presented lower comfort regarding the overall, environmental, sociocultural, and psychospiritual domains, respectively. Conclusions: Employment status, smoking habit, young age, and SNV IL1R2 rs4141134 could influence the comfort levels of FCGs of patients with HNC in PC.

General hospital admission as an opportunity for smoking-cessation strategies: a clinical trial in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of 6-month follow-ups for hospitalized patients who were divided into two groups of low- and high-intensity treatments for smoking cessation and compared to the results of standard hospital treatment. METHODS: A total of 2414 patients were screened. Two hundred thirty-seven current smokers were randomly assigned to high-intensity intervention (HII; 30-min motivational interview plus seven routine telephone calls after hospital discharge) or to low-intensity intervention (LII; 15-min counseling about the benefits of quitting) and 80 comprised the usual care (UC) group. Six months after hospital discharge, all participants were contacted by phone. The main outcome measure was smoking cessation. RESULTS: The smoking-cessation rates were 44.9%, 41.7% and 26.3% for the HII, LII and UC groups, respectively (P = .03). The multivariable analysis identified the following variables which are associated with the failure to stop smoking: the absence of a tobacco-related disease (TRD), younger age and a low motivation for cessation at the initial contact. CONCLUSIONS: There was a great difference between intervention and nonintervention. The LII had an impact similar to the HII. The variables associated with no smoking cessation demonstrate the need for more personalized interventions for smokers who present lower indexes of motivation, are younger and do not have smoking-related diseases.

Depression, alcohol use disorders and nicotine dependence among patients at a general hospital / Depressão, transtornos decorrentes do uso de álcool e dependência de nicotina no hospital geral

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence rates and identify patient characteristics associated with depression, alcohol use disorders and nicotine dependence among individuals admitted to a general teaching hospital. METHOD: Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, we assessed 4,352 consecutive medical and surgical patients admitted over a 13-month period. The patients were also asked to report their daily cigarette smoking habits during the last month. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 49.3 years, and 56.6 percent were male. Prevalence rates of depression, alcohol use disorders and nicotine dependence were, respectively, 14 percent, 9.8 percent and 16.9 percent. In the multivariate analysis, depression was associated with previous suicide attempts (OR = 8.7), lower level of education (OR = 3.6), prior use of psychotropic medications (OR = 3.1), cancer (OR = 1.7) and pain (OR = 1.7). Alcohol use disorders were associated with male sex (OR = 6.3), smoking (OR = 3.5), admission for an external cause of injury, such as a traffic accident (OR = 2.4), and previous suicide attempts (OR = 2.3). Nicotine dependence was associated with alcohol use disorders (OR = 3.4), young adulthood (OR = 2.3), widowhood (OR = 2.2) and previous suicide attempts (OR = 1.8). CONCLUSION: This is the largest sample of medical and surgical patients ever surveyed with standardized screening instruments in a general hospital in Brazil. The high prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders and the profiles of the patients evaluated in this study underscore the need to develop methods that are more effective for detecting and managing such disorders. Hospital admission should be considered a major opportunity for the detection of psychiatric disorders and the subsequent implementation of the appropriate specific treatment strategies.

OBJETIVO: Identificar taxas de prevalência e perfis de pacientes associados a depressão, transtornos por uso de álcool e dependência de nicotina em indivíduos internados em um hospital geral universitário. MÉTODO: 4.352 pacientes internados consecutivamente foram avaliados pelas escalas Hospital Anxiety and Depression e Alcohol use Disorder Identification Test. Eles também foram questionados sobre uso diário de cigarros ao longo do último mês. Análises de regressão logística múltipla foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: 56,6 por cento eram de sexo masculino, e a média de idade foi de 49,3 anos. As taxas de prevalência de depressão, transtornos por uso de álcool e dependência de nicotina foram, respectivamente, 14 por cento, 9,8 por cento e 16,9 por cento. Na análise multivariada, depressão associou-se a tentativa prévia de suicídio (OR = 8,7), menor escolaridade (3,6), uso prévio de psicofármacos (3,1), câncer (1,7) e dor (1,7). Transtornos por uso de álcool associaram-se a sexo masculino (OR = 6,3), tabagismo (3,5), internação por uma causa externa (2,4), notadamente acidentes automobilísticos, e tentativa prévia de suicídio (2,3). A dependência de nicotina associou-se a transtornos por uso de álcool (OR = 3,4), idade adulta jovem (2,3), viuvez (2,2) e tentativa prévia de suicídio (1,8). CONCLUSÃO: Esta é a maior amostra de pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos, internados num hospital geral brasileiro, avaliados com instrumentos padronizados. Houve considerável prevalência de transtornos mentais, e os respectivos perfis dos pacientes enfatizam a necessidade de se desenvolver métodos mais eficientes de detecção e de manejo desses transtornos. A internação hospitalar deveria ser tomada como um marco na vida de uma pessoa, a partir do qual se detecta um transtorno psiquiátrico e estratégias específicas de tratamento são implementadas.

Depression, alcohol use disorders and nicotine dependence among patients at a general hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence rates and identify patient characteristics associated with depression, alcohol use disorders and nicotine dependence among individuals admitted to a general teaching hospital. METHOD: Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, we assessed 4,352 consecutive medical and surgical patients admitted over a 13-month period. The patients were also asked to report their daily cigarette smoking habits during the last month. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 49.3 years, and 56.6% were male. Prevalence rates of depression, alcohol use disorders and nicotine dependence were, respectively, 14%, 9.8% and 16.9%. In the multivariate analysis, depression was associated with previous suicide attempts (OR = 8.7), lower level of education (OR = 3.6), prior use of psychotropic medications (OR = 3.1), cancer (OR = 1.7) and pain (OR = 1.7). Alcohol use disorders were associated with male sex (OR = 6.3), smoking (OR = 3.5), admission for an external cause of injury, such as a traffic accident (OR = 2.4), and previous suicide attempts (OR = 2.3). Nicotine dependence was associated with alcohol use disorders (OR = 3.4), young adulthood (OR = 2.3), widowhood (OR = 2.2) and previous suicide attempts (OR = 1.8). CONCLUSION: This is the largest sample of medical and surgical patients ever surveyed with standardized screening instruments in a general hospital in Brazil. The high prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders and the profiles of the patients evaluated in this study underscore the need to develop methods that are more effective for detecting and managing such disorders. Hospital admission should be considered a major opportunity for the detection of psychiatric disorders and the subsequent implementation of the appropriate specific treatment strategies.

Factors associated with suicide ideation among medically and surgically hospitalized patients.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with suicide ideation among medically and surgically hospitalized patients. METHODS: A consecutive sample of 4328 individuals admitted to a general hospital completed a screening questionnaire comprised of demographic and clinical information, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview item on current suicide ideation, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale subscale for depression and the Alcohol use Disorder Identification Test. A multiple logistic regression produced a discriminate profile of individuals with suicide ideation. RESULTS: The prevalence rate for current suicide ideation was 4.9% (95% CI: 4.3-5.6). Patients admitted to the Infectious Disease, Oncology and Hematology units presented higher rates of suicide ideation (7.9%, 7.8% and 7.2%, respectively). Suicidal ideation was associated to depression [odds ratio (OR)=8.3], young age (18-35 years old: OR=2.5), alcohol use disorders (OR=2.3), and smoking (OR=1.8). CONCLUSION: Suicidal ideation was consistently associated with indicators of mental disorders. It is proxy, not for completed suicide, but for a variety of common psychiatric conditions that can and should be dealt with in the medical/surgical setting.

[Depression and suicidal behavior of cancer inpatients: prevalence and associated factors]. / Depressão e comportamento suicida em pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados: prevalência e fatores associados.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence rates of depression and suicidal behavior among cancer inpatients and factors associated with these conditions. METHODS: A total of 5357 patients consecutively admitted to a university hospital were assessed by means of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and the suicide risk section of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Univariate analyses adjusted for gender and age groups were performed with depression and suicide risk as dependent variables. RESULTS: Of those assessed, 675 had cancer. The prevalence rates for depression and suicide risk were 18.3% (95%CI = 15.4 - 21.4) and 4.7% (95%CI = 3.2 - 6.7) respectively. Depression was more frequently found in cancer bearers than in the other inpatients (13.2%; p = 0.0009). Female gender, low schooling level, long time of disease, pain, use of psychotropic drugs and suicide risk were associated with depression (p < 0.05). Pain and depression were associated with suicide risk. CONCLUSION: Because prevalence rates of depression and suicide risk are high among cancer inpatients, simple screening instruments and specific questions during interviews are needed to detect these clinical conditions.

Depressão e comportamento suicida em pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados: prevalência e fatores associados / Depression and suicidal behavior of cancer inpatients: prevalence and associated factors

OBJETIVO: Determinar as prevalências de depressão e de comportamento suicida em indivíduos com câncer internados em um hospital geral universitário e fatores associados a essas condições. MÉTODOS: O rastreamento de 5357 pacientes consecutivamente internados utilizou a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD) e a seção comportamento suicida do Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Análises univariadas, com ajustes para sexo e faixa etária, foram feitas tomando-se depressão e comportamento suicida como variáveis dependentes. RESULTADOS: Nos 675 pacientes com câncer, a prevalência de depressão foi 18,3 por cento (IC95 por cento = 15,4 - 21,4). O risco para suicídio estimado pela respectiva seção do MINI foi de 4,7 por cento (IC95 por cento = 3,2 - 6,7). A prevalência de depressão foi maior entre pacientes com câncer do que nos demais pacientes internados (13,2 por cento; p = 0,0009). Associaram-se à depressão (p < 0,05): sexo feminino, menor escolaridade, maior tempo da doença, dor, uso de psicofármaco e risco de suicídio. Associaram-se ao risco de suicídio: dor e depressão. CONCLUSÃO: As prevalências de depressão e de risco de suicídio em pacientes com câncer aconselham o uso de instrumentos simples de rastreamento e a inclusão, na anamnese, de perguntas mais específicas sobre essas condições clínicas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence rates of depression and suicidal behavior among cancer inpatients and factors associated with these conditions. METHODS: A total of 5357 patients consecutively admitted to a university hospital were assessed by means of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and the suicide risk section of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Univariate analyses adjusted for gender and age groups were performed with depression and suicide risk as dependent variables. RESULTS: Of those assessed, 675 had cancer. The prevalence rates for depression and suicide risk were 18.3 percent (95 percentCI = 15.4 - 21.4) and 4.7 percent (95 percentCI = 3.2 - 6.7) respectively. Depression was more frequently found in cancer bearers than in the other inpatients (13.2 percent; p = 0.0009). Female gender, low schooling level, long time of disease, pain, use of psychotropic drugs and suicide risk were associated with depression (p < 0.05). Pain and depression were associated with suicide risk. CONCLUSION: Because prevalence rates of depression and suicide risk are high among cancer inpatients, simple screening instruments and specific questions during interviews are needed to detect these clinical conditions.

Tentativa de suicídio entre pacientes com uso nocivo de bebidas alcoólicas internados em hospital geral / Suicide attempt amongst patients with alcohol misuse admitted to a general hospital

OBJETIVO: Detectar fatores associados a histórico de tentativa de suicídio (TS) em pacientes internados em hospital geral que fazem uso nocivo de bebidas alcoólicas. MÉTODO: 4.352 pacientes admitidos consecutivamente foram avaliados utilizando-se um rastreamento do qual constavam as escalas AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) e HAD (Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão). Fixando-se histórico de tentativa de suicídio ao longo da vida como variável dependente, foram realizados testes do qui-quadrado e regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: Uso nocivo de álcool (AUDIT > 8) foi detectado em 423 pacientes. Dentre eles, 60 (14,2 por cento) apresentavam sintomas de depressão (HAD > 8) e 34 (8 por cento) tinham histórico de TS. Este se associou a ser adulto jovem [razão de chance (RC) = 3,4], depressão (RC = 6,6), uso pregresso de psicofármaco (RC = 7) e ter SIDA (RC = 24). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados fortalecem a necessidade de detectar e tratar adequadamente condições que, combinadas, aumentam consideravelmente o risco de suicídio.

OBJECTIVE: To detect factors associated to previous suicide attempt among patients admitted to a general hospital who presented harmful alcohol drinking pattern. METHOD: 4.352 patients consecutively admitted were screened by means of the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) and HAD (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Qui-squared tests and multiple logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: 423 individuals presented alcohol harmful use or dependence (AUDIT > 8), 60 (14.2 percent) of which had depression (HAD > 8) and 34 (8 percent) previous suicide attempt. The latter was more frequent among young adults [odds ratio (OR) = 3.4], those who were depressed (OR = 6.6), had previously taken psychotropic medicines (OR = 7) and had AIDS (OR = 24). CONCLUSION: Our findings reinforce the need for detection and adequate treatment of conditions that, when together, strongly increase the suicide risk.