The influence of citrate and oxalate on 99TcVII, Cs, NpV and UVI sorption to a Savannah River Site soil.

Batch sorption experiments were conducted with 0.5-50 ppb 99Tc, 133Cs, 237Np and U in the presence and absence of citrate and/or oxalate in a 25 g/L Savannah River Site (SRS) soil suspension. Citrate and oxalate were the ligands of choice due to their relevancy to plant exudates, the nuclides were selected for their wide range of biogeochemical behavior, and the soil from SRS was selected as a model Department of Energy (DOE) site soil. Batch samples were continually mixed on a rotary shaker and maintained at a pH of approximately 5. Analysis via ICP-MS indicated that sorption of 237Np increased with ligand concentration compared to baseline studies, as did sorption of 99Tc although to a lesser extent. The increased sorption of 237Np is proposed to be due to a combination of factors that are dependent on the ligand(s) present in the specific system including, ligand dissolution of the soil by citrate and formation of tertiary soil-oxalate-Np complexes. The increased 99Tc sorption is attributed to the dissolution of the soil by the ligands, leading to an increase in the number of available sorption sites for 99Tc. Uranium sorption decreased and dissolution of native uranium was also observed with increasing ligand concentration, thought to be a result of the formation of strong U-ligand complexes remaining in the aqueous phase. The majority of these effects were observed at the highest ligand concentrations of 50 mgC/L. No notable changes were observed for the 133Cs system which is ascribed to the minimal interaction of Cs+ with these organic ligands.

Developmental shifts in cortical loci for face and object recognition.

Information on normal functional organization and development of the ventral processing stream in 5- to 11-year-old children is minimal. The present fMRI study identified neural correlates for face and object processing in children aged 5-8 and 9-11 years, with data from a similar adult study used for comparison. All age groups showed face-preferential activation in the ventral processing stream, but adults and children aged 9-11 years showed face-preferential loci near the classically defined fusiform face area, whereas children aged 5-8 years showed this activation in the posterior ventral processing stream. In addition, the degree of category-selectivity in other brain regions increased with age. Collectively, these developmental changes may reflect fine-tuning in visual recognition processes based on learning and experience.