Growth Hormone Concentrations in Different Body Fluids Before and After Moderate Exercise.

BACKGROUND: Growth hormone (GH) has many direct and indirect actions and roles including substrate regulation and priming of some cells of the immune system, and the expected aspects of growth and repair. Different concentrations in human body fluids reflect the exercise-induced growth hormone response (EIGR) after exercise. In populations such as elite athletes, the invasive nature of venous sampling is poorly accepted. Thus, this study examines possible viable alternatives such as urine and saliva samples and the GH concentration. METHODS: A heterogeneous group of 11 males (age 26.0 ± 5.0 years; body mass 76.5 ± 9.3 kg; VO2peak 57.0 ± 6.0 mL kg-1 min-1) ran for 40 min on a treadmill at 5 % below their individually indentified lactate threshold pace. Samples of urine, saliva and blood were collected immediately pre- and post-test and at 30 and 60 min post-test. RESULTS: Salivary GH was correlated with serum pre- and post-exercise (p < 0.001); urinary GH was correlated with serum (p < 0.05). However, despite being significantly correlated, it is clear from the large differences in absolute concentration in the three media that the appearance of serum GH due to exercise is different from that of the appearance of salivary and urinary GH. This aspect of compartmental exchanges is very difficult to define and to investigate. Differences in any analyte concentration in different compartments are to be expected between different media, and hence the same medium should be used where the same 'pattern of response' can be tracked. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that urinary and saliva sampling cannot substitute for venous sampling with respect to exercise-induced changes in GH concentration. The use of the analyses in these three areas may be appropriate for further investigation.

The diagnostic performance of urinary free cortisol is better than the cortisol:cortisone ratio in detecting de novo Cushing's syndrome: the use of a LC-MS/MS method in routine clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: The Endocrine Society Clinical Guidelines recommend measuring 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFF) levels using a highly accurate method as one of the first-line screening tests for the diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome (CS). We evaluated the performance of UFF, urinary free cortisone (UFE), and the UFF:UFE ratio, measured using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The LC-MS/MS was used to analyze UFF and UFE levels in 43 surgically confirmed CS patients: 26 with Cushing's disease (CD, 16 de novo and ten recurrences), 11 with adrenal CS and six with ectopic CS; 22 CD patients in remission; 14 eu-cortisolemic CD patients receiving medical therapy; 60 non-CS patients; and 70 healthy controls. Sensitivity and specificity were determined in the combined groups of non-CS patients, healthy controls, and CD in remission. RESULTS: UFF>170 nmol/24 h showed 98.7% specificity and 100% sensitivity for de novo CS, while sensitivity was 80% for recurrent CD patients, who were characterized by lower UFF levels. The UFF:UFE and UFF+UFE showed lower sensitivity and specificity than UFF. Ectopic CS patients had the highest UFF and UFF:UFE levels, which were normal in the CD remission patients and in those receiving medical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest high diagnostic performance of UFF excretion measured using LC-MS/MS, in detecting de novo CS. UFF:UFE and UFF+UFE assessments are not useful in the first step of CS diagnosis, although high levels were found to be indicative of ectopic CS.

Cortisol and cortisone ratio in urine: LC-MS/MS method validation and preliminary clinical application.

BACKGROUND: The determination of urinary cortisol/cortisone ratio is of clinical utility in cases of Cushing's syndrome, apparent mineralocorticoid excess, and also provides information on 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11ß-HSD) type 2 activity. It is therefore of utmost importance to ensure accurate cortisol and cortisone measurement and establish appropriate reference ranges. METHODS: After the isotopic dilution of urine, sample cleanups were obtained with on-line solid-phase extraction and cortisol and cortisone, separated using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 HPLC analytical column, were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry with an electrospray ionization source in positive ion mode operation. RESULTS: The method was linear, with concentrations of up to 625 and 1125 nmol/L and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 5 and 6 nmol/L, for cortisol and cortisone, respectively. Within-run and between-run coefficients of variation were <5% and 6% for cortisol and 6% and 8% for cortisone, respectively. No ion suppression was observed. The non-parametric reference range for the cortisol/cortisone ratio was 0.14-1.09. CONCLUSIONS: A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the measurement of cortisol and cortisone in urine. Our findings indicate that the proposed analytical method is suitable for routine purposes and useful in many pathological conditions.

Natriuretic peptide fragments as possible biochemical markers of hypertension in the elderly.

AIMS: To study the relationship between C-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proCNP) and other natriuretic peptides, such as pro-atrial natriuretic peptide [proANP(1-98)] and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), in the elderly, investigating also their correlation with other traditional clinical markers of the hypertensive condition. METHODS: NT-proCNP, NT-proBNP and proANP(1-98) were measured in 57 elderly patients. They were hypertensive patients (n = 36) and normotensive controls (n = 21). Their anthropometric parameters, including Winsor's index and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, were determined. RESULTS: A diagnostic role of NT-proBNP in hypertensive patients was detected by a model of logistic regression, which gave a significant result [odds ratio (OR) 1.0115, P = 0.0184]. By this model the area (AUC) under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.69 ±â€Š0.071 (P = 0.0075). On the basis of the ROC curve, the calculated serum NT-proBNP cut-off for the prediction of hypertension was greater than 164 pmol/l - the value being provided with a sensitivity of 89% coupled with a specificity of 55%. NT-proCNP and proANP(1-98) did not predict the hypertensive condition, although significant correlations were detected with serum lipid profile and creatinine levels. CONCLUSIONS: By using the logistic regression analysis, NT-proBNP was identified as a significant predictor of hypertension, whereas NT-proCNP and proANP circulating levels were not shown to reliably predict the hypertensive condition. Further validation by means of larger cohort studies is undoubtedly needed to assess the use of all three peptides to increase the performance of a possible test for the prediction of the hypertensive condition in humans.

Human saliva total protein levels by AV17 pigment based analysis: validation, stability and short-term variation studies.

BACKGROUND: A colorimetric method based on acid violet pigment, namely AV17, to analyse salivary total protein content, was assessed. METHODS: Human saliva sample or standard (50 microL) was added to 1.5 mL of AV17 working solution (1 mg/mL in 75 mmol/L sodium chloride and 1.7 mol/L phosphoric acid). Total protein concentration was measured at 546 nm. Salivary total protein of healthy subjects was analyzed. RESULTS: The standard protein was Human Serum Albumin and the detection range was 38 mg/L - 900 mg/L with a LOD and LOQ of 26 mg/L and 64 mg/L, respectively. Intraday CVs were 3% - 5% and interday CVs were 3%-6%. The dilution test demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and the recovery tests ranged from 108% to 111%. Saliva sample stability was also demonstrated. No intra-individual salivary total protein variation was found during the morning. CONCLUSIONS: The method suitability for laboratory diagnostic purposes to analyse human saliva protein content and stability was demonstrated.

Cortisol assays and diagnostic laboratory procedures in human biological fluids.

The overview of cortisol physiology, action and pathology is achieved in relation to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis alteration by laboratory investigation. The measurements of cortisol and related compound levels in blood, urine and saliva used to study the physiological and pathological cortisol involvement, are critically reviewed. The immunoassay and chromatographic methods for cortisol measurement in the various biological fluids are examined in relation to their analytical performances, reference ranges and diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, blood, urine and saliva cortisol level measurements are described taking into account the diagnostic implications. The deduction is that each method requires the definition of its own reference range and its related diagnostic cut-off levels. Thus, this review, stressing the analysis procedures, could help to understand and compare the results of the different assays.

Human saliva cortisone and cortisol simultaneous analysis using reverse phase HPLC technique.

BACKGROUND: Hyper-hypo tension (like Cushing's syndrome, apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome and Addison's disease) diagnostic laboratory requires cortisol (F) analysis. The simultaneous analysis of human saliva F and cortisone (E), the inactive F metabolite, by solid phase extraction and RP-HPLC was studied. METHODS: Saliva/standard samples were C18-SPE extracted, dried and resuspended. E and F were analysed by isocratic RP-HPLC (acetonitrile/water 27/73%) and UV detection. In the morning and in the evening Salivette stimulated saliva specimens were collected from healthy volunteers. RESULTS: The E and F calibration curve ranges were 11.0-110.0 and 5.5-55.0 nmol/l respectively. The LOD was 0.2 and 0.1 nmol/l for E and F respectively. The intra and inter assay CVs were respectively 2.7-6.6 and 5.6-7.0% for E and 5.8-7.0 and 11.7-13.1% for F. The E and F spiked saliva sample recovery was 99% and 88% respectively. Saliva specimen stability was validated. E and F saliva levels in healthy volunteers were significantly (p<0.001) higher at 8 a.m. compared with 11 p.m. (26.4+/-8.9 vs. 4.3+/-2.9 nmol/l for E; 11.1+/-4.0 vs. 2.5+/-1.5 nmol/l for F, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This method is suitable for periodic analyses in a clinical biochemistry laboratory for endocrinology investigation purposes, simultaneously analysing E and F levels in a saliva specimen.

Effects of two different types of exercise on GH/IGF axis in athletes. Is the free/total IGF-I ratio a new investigative approach?

BACKGROUND: Human growth hormone (hGH) responds to bouts of exercise by increasing, while the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) responses are conflicting. METHODS: Twenty well-trained male cyclists completed a brief duration exercise (A: warm up+increasing workload until exhaustion, lasting 25 min) and a medium duration exercise (B: warm up+70-80%VO(2 max)+increasing workload until exhaustion, lasting 40 min). The immunoreactivity of plasma hGH, the IGF-I in its total and free fraction were measured before and at the end of the exercise, and the free/total IGF-I ratio response to the two cycling exercise bouts was examined. RESULTS: Both A and B demonstrated increased hGH (from 77+/-122 to 544+/-327 and 28+/-68 to 369+/-276 pmol/l respectively) and total IGF-I (from 67+/-10 to 70+/-10 and 55+/-14 to 61+/-15 nmol/l respectively). The free IGF-I was decreased only in A (from 0.38+/-0.16 to 0.32+/-0.14 nmol/l). Both A and B demonstrated a decreased free/total IGF-I ratio (from 0.57+/-0.30 to 0.46+/-0.22 and 0.61+/-0.37 to 0.52+/-0.29). CONCLUSION: Brief and medium duration physical exercise influences the hGH, the total and free IGF-I concentrations. The free/total IGF-I ratio was also influenced and it might be related to the GH/IGF system. Its investigation might be a way of studying the training condition.

Saliva specimen: a new laboratory tool for diagnostic and basic investigation.

The assay of saliva is an increasing area of research with implications for basic and clinical purposes. Although this biological fluid is easy to manipulate and collect, careful attention must be directed to limit variation in specimen integrity. Recently, the use of saliva has provided a substantial addition to the diagnostic armamentarium as an investigative tool for disease processes and disorders. In addition to its oral indications, the analysis of saliva provides important information about the functioning of various organs within the body. In this respect, endocrine research certainly occupies a central role. The present review considers the laboratory aspects of salivary assays with respect to the different analytes including ions, drugs and various non-protein/protein compounds such as hormones and immunoglobulins. This review also examines the consequences of preanalytical variation with respect to collection strategy and subsequent storage conditions. It is likely that the use of saliva in assays will continue to expand thus providing a new instrument of investigation for physiologic as well as pathophysiologic states.

Growth hormone isoforms, segments/fragments: does a link exist with multifunctionality?

Understanding the relationship between growth hormone (GH) structure (its molecular fragments) and function via interaction with single or multiple receptors is of particular importance in clinical diagnostics and physiologic biochemistry. Direct and indirect actions of GH are numerous ranging from carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to growth effects at muscle and vessels. To this end, we have focused on the influence of physical exercise on GH synthesis and release into the circulation. Physical exercise is a physiological condition to which GH multifunctionality is inextricably linked and is thus important physiologically and pathologically. This review describes the potential human GH fragments with respect to protein hormone multifunctionality and the molecular regions of potential action. The intent of the review is to highlight human GH fragments and hypothesize their potential physiologic role. GH fragmentation is also reviewed in relation to the effects of physical exercise and hormone multifunctionality.

Growth hormone isoforms and segments/fragments: molecular structure and laboratory measurement.

Endocrine diagnostic tests are dependent on the molecular characteristics of protein hormones, a property that is also intimately tied to function. The structure-function relationship is of particular importance for multifunctional protein hormones such as growth hormone (GH). For clinical diagnosis, it is imperative to understand the relationship between GH structure (and its molecular fragments) and function and their potential interaction with single or multiple receptors. The existence of a single or aggregated intact GH 22 kDa form such as the 20 kDa GH isoform has been described, but GH fragments cannot be excluded a priori. Recent advances and probable similarity of GH with other protein hormones such as natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP and their proANP and proBNP fragments) and POMC (ACTH, beta-endorphin, etc.) lend support to the hypothesis that GH fragments should also be present. This brief review focuses on GH heterogeneity and feasible post-synthesis events. The aim of the review is to describe which GH forms/fragments have already been recognized and/or are potentially present in the circulation. The impacts of GH isoforms (namely the intact 20 and 22 kDa isoforms) and fragments thereof on quantitative measurement are discussed with reference to traditional immunoassay technology and innovative immunofunctional laboratory assays.

Urinary high performance reverse phase chromatography cortisol and cortisone analyses before and at the end of a race in elite cyclists.

A functional and basic method for the quantitative analysis of urine cortisol (F) and cortisone (E) using a Solid-Phase Extraction column and HPLC with ultraviolet detection is here described and validated to analyse urine samples. Urine specimens were analysed to study F and E relation and ratio in athletes and healthy sedentary subjects. The F and E concentrations in random urine specimens were significantly higher in the post exercise versus pre exercise condition in cyclists (F: 136+/-93 nmol/l versus 67+/-50 nmol/l (p<0.001); E: 797+/-400 nmol/l versus 408+/-252 nmol/l (p<0.001)). The F/E ratio was 0.18+/-0.11 versus 0.16+/-0.07, respectively, and a significant difference was only demonstrated comparing sedentary (0.11+/-0.07) and cyclist individuals at rest (p<0.05).

Urinary insulin-like growth factor-I measurement in an actual sport competition, an additional approach in laboratory antidoping tests.

BACKGROUND: The insulin-like growth factor hormone (IGF-I) is an important protein hormone under investigation with physical exercise and for doping detection. Urinary IGF-I level in fact represents a relevant measurement when the postexercise proteinuria is under analysis. To verify the IGF-I level variation in the circulation and in urinary excretion in the occasion of a competition, the plasma and urine IGF-I in athletes before and after an actual competitive event were measured. METHODS: Twenty well-trained cyclists took part in a competition (102 km) and concluded the intense physical exercise in approximately 2(1/2) h. Urine and blood samples were collected from each athlete 10-20 min before and at the end of the competition. Plasma and urine total IGF-I (pIGF, uIGF), total urinary proteins (uPr), and creatinine (uCr) concentrations were measured. RESULTS: The uIGF [from 76.2+/-15.8 to 256.9+/-29.1 ng/l (p<0.001)], uPr [from 29.4+/-6.7 to 325.9+/-95.1 mg/l (p<0.005)], and uCr [from 6.3+/-1.0 to 10.0+/-0.8 mmol/l (p<0.005)] significantly increased. The pIGF was 262.6+/-14.3 and 247.3+/-11.8 microg/l before and end-exercise, respectively. A statistical correlation between uIGF and uPr was demonstrated (p<0.001). The pIGF/uIGF ratio was significantly (p<0.05) decreased comparing the end with before the competition. CONCLUSIONS: The pIGF/uIGF significantly decreased at the end, compared with before the competition, suggesting a changed uIGF excretion. This increment appeared to be increased, although not significantly, considering the ratio with uCr.

Effect of prolonged physical exercise on urinary proANP1-30 and proANP31-67.

Dynamic exercise strongly affects atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP), in particular the mature bioactive alphaANP and the proANP fragments, namely proANP1-98, proANP1-30 and proANP31-67. The proANPs influence kidney functions and their plasma levels increase after physical exercise. We measured urinary proANP1-30 and proANP31-67 levels before and at the end of physical exercise in 28 well-trained male cyclists. For the first time, the proANP1-30 and proANP31-67 urinary levels in athletes before and at the end of a prolonged agonistic bicycle race were measured. Urinary creatinine and total proteins were also measured. The urinary proANP31-67, creatinine and total protein levels were significantly higher at the end of exercise than before. In contrast, proANP1-30/protein and proANP31-67/protein ratios decreased after exercise. Even proANP1-30/creatinine and proANP31-67/creatinine ratios were lower after exercise. A significant correlation between proANP1-30 and proANP31-67 urinary levels at the end of exercise was found. The proANP31-67/creatinine ratio before and after exercise also showed a significant correlation. The variation of urinary proANP fragments confirmed their possible role in physical exercise. In particular, it could be interpreted as a response of the body or kidney to renal impairment occurring during exercise.

Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis recovery after liver transplantation: a preliminary prospective study.

Many studies on cirrhotic patients have shown that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plasma levels are related to the severity of liver dysfunction. This result suggests that IGF-1 is probably useful for monitoring liver function in the perioperative course of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Growth hormone (GH), IGF-1 plasma levels, and routine liver function tests were measured in 15 adult cirrhotic patients undergoing OLT. Measurements were made at the beginning of the operation; during OLT; 24 hours after reperfusion; and in the morning on days 7, 30, and 90. Twenty age-matched healthy volunteers with normal liver function served as controls. The study group had significantly higher GH levels and lower IGF-1 levels in the preoperative period compared with the controls. All patients achieved a complete functional hepatic recovery 1 month after OLT, although in 6 of them, the graft had an initial poor function (Group-IPF). GH and IGF-1 levels achieved near normal range within 1 week after OLT, and they had no significant correlations with other routine biochemistry tests in this period. IGF-1 levels in Group-IPF rose more slowly than in the group with a normal recovery of graft function. Surprisingly, 24 hours after reperfusion, IGF-1 levels were higher in Group-IPF than in the group with normal graft function. In conclusion, the severe GH/IGF-1 axis impairment found in patients with end-stage cirrhosis reverted very rapidly in the first days after successful OLT. Such a quick, postoperative modulation of IGF-1 plasma level by the graft suggests that this hormone has the potential to become one of the early indicators of post-OLT liver function recovery.

Effects of acute, heavy-resistance exercise on urinary peptide hormone excretion in humans.

To examine physical exercise-related changes in urinary excretion of protein/peptide hormones and to correlate modifications with the general increase in post-exercise proteinuria, urine C-peptide, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and their plasma concentrations were measured. Plasma and urinary C-peptide, insulin and IGF-I before (Bex) and at the end (Eex) of physical exercise (a 2.5-hour competition, 102 km) were analysed in 20 young cyclists. At Eex compared with Bex, concentration of urinary C-peptide decreased slightly but significantly (21.3 +/- 2.7 vs. 13.5 +/- 1.7 nmol/l), but urinary insulin and urinary IGF-I concentrations significantly increased at Eex (92.5 +/- 4.2 vs. 131.4 +/- 15.7 pmol/l and 10.0 +/- 2.1 vs. 33.6 +/- 3.8 pmol/l, respectively). Plasma insulin and plasma C-peptide significantly decreased, whereas plasma IGF-I was unchanged. Urinary concentrations of total proteins and creatinine significantly increased. Both Eex urinary C-peptide/urinary protein and urinary C-peptide/urinary creatinine ratios were significantly reduced. The correlation between C-peptide and insulin in plasma was confirmed at Bex as well as Eex, but in urine only at Bex. An increased renal tubular reabsorption of C-peptide at the end of exercise might be suggested, but the expected values considering creatinine excretion were almost three times less. The Eex urinary insulin concentration was higher than expected, considering the circulation levels, but lower when compared with the expected concentration considering creatinine excretion. Physical exercise proteinuria, related to an increased protein filtration and a saturation of the mechanisms responsible for the reabsorption, does not appear similar for all peptide hormones.

The measurement of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration in random urine samples.

The aim of the present study was to assess a suitable expression of the urinary concentration of a protein/ peptide hormone such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), measured in the urine of healthy individuals when the specimen collection is executed randomly. One hundred and twenty male subjects were divided by age into four groups, namely healthy sedentary young (SYA) and older (SOA) adults, older (OC) and young (YC) children. In a single urine specimen, randomly collected during the morning from each individual, total urinary IGF-I was measured by immunoradiometric method, and urinary creatinine (uCr) and total proteins (utPr) were measured by capillary electrophoresis and spectrophotometric methods, respectively. The urinary IGF-I concentrations were not significantly different in all groups investigated and they were (mean +/- SD): 82.7 +/- 82.8 ng/l, 103.5 +/- 83.3 ng/l, 80.4 +/- 64.4 ng/l in OC, SYA and SOA, respectively; only in the YC group there was a tendency to higher values (125.2 +/- 93.2 ng/l) compared with the other groups. utPr ranged from 26 to 40 mg/l and did not demonstrate significant differences between groups. The urinary IGF-I correlated with uCr and utPr, and statistical significance was observed in all measurements. The measurement of urinary IGF-I in random urine and its ratio to utPr is an innovative, useful way of investigation of urinary protein/peptide hormones.

Urinary insulin-like growth factor I in athletes, before and after physical exercise, and in sedentary subjects.

BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), like growth hormone (GH), is excreted in urine in a smaller fraction than the concentration found in blood. Exercising subjects undergo post-exercise proteinuria. The present work aims to propose a method for urinary IGF-I analysis (uIGF-I) by defining urinary concentration in sedentary individuals and athletes before and after strenuous exercise. METHODS: Urine samples were collected from 30 sedentary healthy male individuals during the morning and from 30 well-trained cyclists, before and after a competition of about 3 h (150 km). uIGF-I was measured in undiluted acidified urine by radioimmunoassay (RIA) method using a purified polyclonal rabbit antibody, human 125I-IGF-I and a second anti-rabbit antiserum. The acidification of the urine samples and the excess of IGF-II addition in the incubation medium of the assay were used to dissociate the binding and to block the interference from IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). Urinary growth hormone (uGH), total protein (utPr) and creatinine (ucr) concentrations were also measured by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), colorimetric and capillary electrophoresis methods, respectively. RESULTS: The analysis range was 0-2500 ng/l (0-327 pmol/l), the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variations (CVs) ranged from 2.3% to 7.8%, respectively. The detection limit was 0.6 pg/tube. The uIGF-I/creatinine (cr) ratio in healthy subjects was 70 +/- 8 pg/mg cr. The uIGF-I/creatinine ratio (pg/mg cr) was different (p<0.001) in athletes before vs. after competition 93 +/- 27 vs. 136 +/- 13. Athletes' [uIGF-I/total proteins] ratio (ng/mg tPr) before and post-exercise was 2.3 +/- 0.5 and 2.5 +/- 0.3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: uIGF-I assay appears to be an effective way of monitoring IGF-I excretion. In the cyclists, in the pre-exercise state, uIGF-I was comparable with that measured in sedentary healthy individuals. In the cyclists, after strenuous exercise, the increased uIGF-I/cr and uGH/cr ratios suggested a relation with the post-exercise proteinuria. In conclusion, proteinuria physiologically obtained, such as post-exercise proteinuria, might be a new approach in IGF-I system investigation.