A Review on the Effect of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Tribological Properties of Biolubricants.

This review provides a comprehensive and accessible literature review on the integration of nanoparticles into biolubricants to enhance wear and friction regulation, thus improving the overall lubricated system performance. Nanotechnology has significantly impacted various industries, particularly in lubrication. Nanobiolubricants offer promising avenues for enhancing tribological properties. This review focuses on oxide nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), copper oxide (CuO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles, for their ability to enhance lubricant performance. The impact of nanoparticle concentration on biolubricant properties, including viscosity, viscosity index, flash point temperature, and pour point temperature, is analyzed. The review also addresses potential obstacles and limitations in nanoparticle incorporation, aiming to propose effective strategies for maximizing their benefits. The findings underscore the potential of nanobiolubricants to improve operational efficiency and component lifespan. This review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers, engineers, and professionals in exploring and leveraging nanotechnology's potential in the lubrication industry. This review paper explores the basics of tribology along with its significance, green principles, mechanisms, and energy savings because of friction, wear, and lubrication. Condition monitoring techniques are also explored to achieve brief knowledge about maintaining reliability and safety of the industrial components. Recent advances in tribology including superconductivity, biotribology, high-temperature tribology, tribological simulation, hybrid polymer composite's tribology, and cryogenic tribology are investigated, which gives a thorough idea about the subject.

AZ63/Ti/Zr Nanocomposite for Bone-Related Biomedical Applications.

Considering the unique properties of magnesium and its alloy, it has a vast demand in biomedical applications, particularly the implant material in tissue engineering due to its biodegradability. But the fixing spares must hold such implants till the end of the biodegradation of implant material. The composite technology will offer the added benefits of altering the material properties to match the requirements of the desired applications. Hence, this experimental investigation is aimed at developing a composite material for manufacturing fixing spares like a screw for implants in biomedical applications. The matrix of AZ63 magnesium alloy is reinforced with nanoparticles of zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) through the stir casting-type synthesis method. The samples were prepared with equal contributions of zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) nanoparticles in the total reinforcement percentage (3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%). The corrosive and tribological studies were done. In the corrosive study, the process parameters like NaCl concentration, pH value, and exposure time were varied at three levels. In the wear study, the applied Load, speed of sliding, and the distance of the slide were considered at four levels. Taguchi analysis was employed in this investigation to optimize the reinforcement and independent factors to minimize the wear and corrosive losses. The minimum wear rate was achieved in the 12% reinforced sample with the input factor levels of 60 N of load on the pin, 1 m/s of disc speed at a sliding distance was 1500 m, and the 12% reinforce samples also recorded a minimum corrosive rate of 0.0076 mm/year at the operating environment of 5% NaCl-concentrated solution with the pH value of 9 for 24 hrs of exposure. The prediction model was developed based on the experimental results.

Processing and Characterization of Novel Bio-Waste Hybrid Brick Composites for Pollution Control.

The main focus of this research is to enhance the use of eco-friendly materials these days. The current materials used in building construction are chemical-based and are harmful to humans and the environment. This research work has developed a new type of hybrid brick by using natural fibres and waste materials. This research focuses on fabricating novel bricks reinforced with different percentages of coconut waste fibre, wheat straw fibre, waste wood animal dung ash, gypsum, sand, and cement. The fabricated novel brick's physical, mechanical, chemical, acoustic, and heat-absorbing properties were evaluated.

Characterisation of human diaphragm at high strain rate loading.

Motor vehicle crashes (MVC׳s) commonly results in life threating thoracic and abdominal injuries. Finite element models are becoming an important tool in analyzing automotive related injuries to soft tissues. Establishment of accurate material models including tissue tolerance limits is critical for accurate injury evaluation. The diaphragm is the most important skeletal muscle for respiration having a bi-domed structure, separating the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity. Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm is a potentially serious injury which presents in different forms depending upon the mechanisms of the causative trauma. A major step to gain insight into the mechanism of traumatic rupture of diaphragm is to understand the high rate failure properties of diaphragm tissue. Thus, the main objective of this study was to estimate the mechanical and failure properties of human diaphragm at strain rates associated with blunt thoracic and abdominal trauma. A total of 23 uniaxial tensile tests were performed at various strain rates ranging from 0.001-200s(-1) in order to characterize the mechanical and failure properties on human diaphragm tissue. Each specimen was tested to failure at one of the four strain rates (0.001s(-1), 65s(-1), and 130s(-1), 190s(-1)) to investigate the effects of strain rate dependency. High speed video and markers placed on the grippers were used to measure the gripper to gripper displacement. Engineering stresses reported in the study is calculated from the ratio of force measured and initial cross sectional area whereas engineering strain is calculated from the ratio of the elongation to the undeformed length (gauge length) of the specimen.The results of this study showed that the diaphragm tissues is rate dependent with higher strain rate tests giving higher failure stress and higher failure strains. The failure stress for all tests ranged from 1.17MPa to 4.1MPa and failure strain ranged from 12.15% to 24.62%.