Gallic Acid Derived 1, 2-Diarylindole as a Potential Antifungal Agent against Candida Strain.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, Candida albicans has become a serious issue for public health. The worldwide rapid rise in drug resistance to conventional therapies is the main contributing reason. Moreover, because of their potent activity at low concentrations and apparent lack of toxicity, compounds originating from plants are used in therapeutic treatments because of their potent activity at low concentrations and apparent lack of toxicity. Particularly in immunocompromised people, Candida species can result in a wide range of ailments. OBJECTIVES: Present manuscript describes antifungal activity of an indole derivative 1-(4-((5- methoxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-1-yl) methyl) phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylethan-1- amine (7, 100DL-6) by using an in-silico and in-vitro anti-candidal activity against two Candida strains; Candida kefyr-DS-02 (ATCC-204093) and Candida albicans (AI-clinical isolate, AIIMS- Delhi). METHODS: The synthetic strategy for the preparation of indole derivatives was modified through Fischer indole reaction. Antifungal activity of an indole derivative 1-(4-((5-methoxy-2-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-1-yl) methyl) phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (7, 100DL-6) was done by using an in-silico and in-vitro anti-candidal activity against two Candida strains; Candida kefyr-DS-02 (ATCC-204093) and Candida albicans (AI-clinical isolate, AIIMS-Delhi). Compound 100DL-6 efficacy was determined by Combination synergy study, ergosterol binding assay, MTT toxicity study and Mutagenicity. RESULTS: Compound 100DL-6 was obtained in 65% yield on desired motifs. Docking scores found were 100DL-6 (-8.7 kcal/mol) and Fluconazole (-7.6 kcal/mol). Further, RMSD were shown for 100DL6 (0.26 ± 0.23 nm) and fluconazole (1.2 ± 0.62 nm). Indole derivative 100DL-6 was active against the tested fungal pathogens and the total zone of inhibition was measured between 13-14 mm in diameter and MIC values between 31.25 µg/mL to 250 µg/mL and MFC values between 62.5 µg/mL to 500 µg/mL. In checkerboard assay synergistic mode of interaction of 100DL-6 with known antifungal drugs was observed. In the presence of ergosterol 100DL-6 and standard drug (s) increased their MIC values, demonstrating a considerable affinity for ergosterol. Compound 100DL-6 was considered to be less-cytotoxic to the cells as determined by MTT assay. Lead compound 100DL-6 was found to be non-mutagenic. CONCLUSION: In the present study, 100DL6 (indole derivatives) significantly abrupted the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway and showed moderate anti-candidal effects. These studies suggest that 100DL6 significantly enhances antifungal effect of clinical drug fluconazole synergistically and may be considered as in clinical trial prior to some extensive in-vivo validations.

Design, synthesis and broad spectrum antibreast cancer activity of diarylindoles via induction of apoptosis in aggressive breast cancer cells.

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women with significant morbidity and mortality. Present study describes design, synthesis and detailed pharmacology of indole derivatives exhibiting remarkable broad spectrum antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cells. Detailed mechanistic evaluations confirmed induction of G0/G1 arrest, apoptosis induction, loss of mitochondrial integrity, enhanced ROS generation, autophagy, estrogen receptor ß-transactivation and increased tubulin polymerization. In in-vivo efficacy studies in rodent model, these indole derivatives induced significant regression in mice mammary tumour on 21 days daily oral dose. Moreover, compounds 19 and 23 were safe in Swiss albino mice in safety studies. These diarylindoles may further be optimized for better efficacy.

Indenes and tetralenes analogues attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation: An in-vitro and in-vivo study.

In an effort to evaluate novel pharmacological activity of 1-chloro-2-formyl indene and tetralene analogues possessing potential antitubercular and antistaphylococcal agents, we explored its anti-inflammatory potential against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation using in-vitro and in-vivo bioassay. Synthesized analogues significantly inhibited the production and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines against LPS-induced inflammation in macrophages isolated from mice. Among all the analogues, TAF-5 (1-Chloro-2-formyl-1-tetralene) exhibited most potent anti-inflammatory activity without any cytotoxic effect. We have further evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and safety of TAF-5 in in-vivo system using LPS-induced sepsis, a systemic inflammation model and acute oral toxicity respectively in mice. Oral administration of TAF-5 inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum, attenuated the organs injuries and improved host survival in dose dependent manner. Acute oral toxicity study showed TAF-5 is non-toxic at higher dose in mice. These results suggest the suitability of indene and tetralene analogues as new chemical entities for further investigation towards the management of inflammation related diseases.

Natural antitubulin agents: importance of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl fragment.

Microtubules are polar cytoskeletal filaments assembled from head-to-tail and comprised of lateral associations of α/ß-tubulin heterodimers that play key role in various cellular processes. Because of their vital role in mitosis and various other cellular processes, microtubules have been attractive targets for several disease conditions and especially for cancer. Antitubulin is the most successful class of antimitotic agents in cancer chemotherapeutics. The target recognition of antimitotic agents as a ligand is not much explored so far. However, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl fragment has been much highlighted and discussed in such type of interactions. In this review, some of the most important naturally occurring antimitotic agents and their interactions with microtubules are discussed with a special emphasis on the role of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl unit. At last, some emerging naturally occurring antimitotic agents have also been tabulated.