The prevention school diary: Evaluability assessment of a widely adopted intervention in Ile-de-France.

OBJECTIVES: The prevention school diary is distributed each year to children aged between 10 and 11 years old by La Ligue contre le cancer, a French association promoting prevention and research against cancer. While they write their homework in the diary, children can learn about a range of health determinants. This diary promotes health in a fun and educational way, as it integrates drawings made by children about the different themes covered by the diary. This paper aims to present the evaluability assessment of this intervention in Ile-de-France (Paris area), where it is already widely deployed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have traced the history of the prevention school diary and assessed how it is currently used in Ile-de-France by leading interviews with county committees of La Ligue contre le cancer. Successive versions of the diary and results of teacher satisfaction surveys were examined. All information collected was integrated into a logic model, which characterizes the main components, actors, and effects of the intervention. RESULTS: The prevention school diary was created in the West of France in the late 90s. It was then implemented in Paris and extended to other counties of Ile-de-France. Currently, six counties collaborate on the production of a common diary. Whereas it only dealt with tobacco consumption at the beginning, the prevention school diary now covers nutrition, physical activity, sun exposure, sleep and screen use, addiction, as well as safety in some counties. Three levels of intervention have been identified, depending on whether or not the distribution of the diary is followed by the production of drawings for the next edition or health education sessions. The expected effects of the prevention school diary have been integrated into a logic model emphasizing children, school, and family level. Outcomes include Capabilities (knowledge and skills), Opportunities, and Motivation to adopt healthy Behaviours, according to the theoretical model of behaviour change COM-B. CONCLUSION: The evaluability assessment phase enabled us to gain a better understanding of the conditions under which the intervention is deployed, and thus to identify the factors to be considered for a broad assessment of its effectiveness. It is especially important since the intervention is already well established in Ile-de-France.

Decrease of human hepatoma cell growth by arachidonic acid is associated with an accumulation of derived products from lipid peroxidation.

We showed that the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) in HepG2 cells generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activate the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the redox-sensitive transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB, leading to the induction of the antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase gene. The present study reports that AA decreases the HepG2 cell growth by 40% and 55% after a treatment for 24 and 48 h, respectively. This effect was blocked by an inhibitor of lipoxygenase/cytochrome P450 monooxygenase pathways and by the antioxidants. In addition, AA induced an oxidative stress, as an accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified proteins, resulting to a generation of MDA and H(2)O(2) was observed after 24 h. This AA-induced oxidative stress was associated with the lack of an increase in the H(2)O(2)-degrading enzyme level. In contrast, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, a nonmetabolizable analog of AA, had not effect. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) with AA metabolites as ligands was upregulated by the fatty acid but was not involved in the AA effect because its transcriptional activity estimated by reporter gene assays was negatively controlled by p38 MAPK pathway. These findings suggest that the effect of AA on human hepatoma cell growth by inducing an oxidative stress may present a clinical interest in the treatment of the liver cancer.

The multidrug resistance modulator SDZ-PSC 833 potentiates the photodynamic activity of chlorin e6 independently of P-glycoprotein in multidrug resistant human breast adenocarcinoma cells.

Photodynamic therapy has clinical indications in treatment of localized cancers and could be interesting for eradication of local recurrence of chemoresistant tumors. In the present study, the intracellular accumulation and distribution of chlorin e6 was investigated in MCF-7 and in P-glycoprotein overexpressing, doxorubicin resistant MCF-7/DXR cell lines. After 3-h incubation with chlorin e6 (1.7 micro mol.l(-1)), no significant difference in accumulation was observed between MCF-7 and MCF-7/DXR cells. Chlorin e6 cellular efflux did not differ in the two cell lines. The lack of influence of P-glycoprotein was confirmed since SDZ-PSC833 (PSC) had no influence in chlorin e6 accumulation and efflux in MCF-7/DXR cells. The subcellular distribution of chlorin e6 appeared different in MCF-7/DXR than in MCF-7 cells. Double staining colocalization fluorescence microscopy studies were performed to identify the subcellular localization sites for chlorin e6 using organelle probes for endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and lysosomes. In MCF-7, chlorin e6 was distributed in all cytoplasmic organelles including endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. In MCF-7/DXR, a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution was observed excepted for the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi area in which less chlorin e6 was distributed. In MCF-7/DXR, PSC was found to restore the distribution of chlorin e6 in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi area while in MCF-7, no effect on the subcellular distribution of chlorin e6 was observed. Although the photodynamic activity of chlorin e6 (1.7 micro mol.l(-1), 650 nm, 8 mW.cm(-2)) was found to be lower in MCF-7/DXR than in MCF-7 cells, PSC was found to potentiate the photodynamic activity of chlorin e6 to similar extent in both cell lines. These results clearly demonstrate that PSC potentiates the photodynamic activity of Chlorin e6 independently of the expression of P-glycoprotein and further suggest that the photodynamic activity of chlorin e6 could be related to its intracellular distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi.