Spanish translation and validation of the Music-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (MuRQoL) in postlingually deaf cochlear implant users.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to translate and validate the "Music-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire" into Spanish (sMuRQoL) and assess its convergent validity and discriminative capacity by comparing its scores with the outcomes of the musical perception test Meludia. METHODS: The sMuRQoL was completed by 129 patients: 55 cochlear implant (CI) users and 74 normal hearing (NH) individuals. Conducted in this study were an exploratory factor analysis, an evaluation of internal consistency, an assessment of score stability through test-retest reliability, a comparison of sMuRQoL scores between CI users and NH individuals and an examination of potential evidence of convergent validity and discriminative capacity of sMuRQoL in relation to other tools. This involved the comparison of the questionnaire scores with the Meludia outcomes. RESULTS: The sMuRQoL demonstrated a two-dimensional structure. All the dimensions displayed high internal consistency (α = 0.879-0.945) and score stability (ICC = 0.890-0.942). There were significant differences in the Frequency test between NH and CI users (d = 1.19-1.45). There's evidence of convergent validity between the scores of the Frequency test and the results of Meludia (r = 0.242-0.645). Additionally, the Frequency test demonstrate a good discriminative capacity to identify patients with poorer musical perception. CONCLUSIONS: The sMuRQoL is a reliable questionnaire, with adequate evidence of validity based on internal structure. This study provides an accessible, cost-effective, and quick-to-administer instrument in Spanish, optimizing available healthcare resources and bringing us closer to the patient needs.

Intraoperative assessment of cochlear nerve functionality in various vestibular schwannoma scenarios: Lessons learned.

The use of cochlear implants (CIs) is on the rise for patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS). Besides CI following tumor resection, new scenarios such as implantation in observed and/or irradiated tumors are becoming increasingly common. A significant emerging trend is the need of intraoperative evaluation of the functionality of the cochlear nerve in order to decide if a CI would be placed. The purpose of this paper is to explore the experience of a tertiary center with the application of the Auditory Nerve Test System (ANTS) in various scenarios regarding VS patients. The results are compared to that of the studies that have previously used the ANTS in this condition. Patients with unilateral or bilateral VS (NF2) who were evaluated with the ANTS prior to considering CI in a tertiary center between 2021 and 2023 were analyzed. The presence of a robust wave V was chosen to define a positive electrical auditory brainstem response (EABR). Two patients underwent promontory stimulation (PromStim) EABR previous to ANTS evaluation. Seven patients, 2 NF-2 and 5 with sporadic VS were included. The initial scenario was simultaneous translabyrinthine (TL) tumor resection and CI in 3 cases while a CI placement without tumor resection was planned in 4 cases. The ANTS was positive in 4 cases, negative in 2 cases, and uncertain in one case. Two patients underwent simultaneous TL and CI, 1 patient simultaneous TL and auditory brainstem implant, 3 patients posterior tympanotomy with CI, and 1 patient had no implant placement. In the 5 patients undergoing CI, sound detection was present. There was a good correlation between the PromStim and ANTS EABR. The literature research yielded 35 patients with complete information about EABR response. There was one false negative and one false positive case; that is, the 28 implanted cases with a present wave V following tumor resection had some degree of auditory perception in all but one case. The ANTS is a useful intraoperative tool to asses CI candidacy in VS patients undergoing observation, irradiation or surgery. A positive strongly predicts at least sound detection with the CI.

Holistic assessment of cochlear implant outcomes using the international classification of functioning disability and health model: data analysis of a longitudinal prospective multicenter study.

PURPOSE: To study outcome after cochlear implantation using the Cochlear Implant (CI) outcome assessment protocol based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model (CI-ICF). METHODS: Raw data of a prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study was analyzed. Seventy-two CI candidates were assessed preoperatively and six months postoperatively using the CI-ICF protocol. Following tools were used: (1) Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire (WORQ), (2) Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB), (3) Audio Processor Satisfaction Questionnaire (APSQ), (4) Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ12), (5) Hearing Implant Sound Quality Index (HISQUI19), (6) Nijmegen CI Questionnaire (NCIQ) (7) pure tone audiometry, (8) speech audiometry, (9) sound localization. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement of speech discrimination in quiet (p = 0.015; p < 0.001) and in noise (p = 0.041; p < 0.001), sound detection (p < 0.001), tinnitus (p = 0.026), listening (p < 0.001), communicating with-receiving-spoken messages (p < 0.001), conversation (p < 0.001), family relationships (p < 0.001), community life (p = 0.019), NCIQ total score and all subdomain scores (p < 0.001). Subjective sound localization significantly improved (p < 0.001), while psychometric sound localization did not. There was no significant subjective deterioration of vestibular functioning and no substantial change in sound aversiveness. CI users reported a high level of implant satisfaction postoperatively. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the positive impact of cochlear implantation on auditory performance, communication, and subjective well-being. The CI-ICF protocol provides a holistic and comprehensive view of the evolution of CI outcomes.

Has Coranavirus Disease 2019 Changed the Incidence and Outcome of Bell's Palsy?

BACKGROUND: Objectives: (1) To determine whether the incidence of Bell's Palsy (BP) increased during the pandemic. (2) To investigate whether the outcomes of patients with BP and COVID-19 infection or vaccination differ from those in the pre-pandemic era. METHODS: Patients with BP were studied in 2 periods retrospectively (March 2021-March 2022 and August 2018-August 2019). A prospective study from March 2021 to March 2022 was also performed. Primary outcome was grade ≤Ⅱ in the House-Brackmann (HB) and/or >70 in the Sunnybrook facial grading system (SFGS) scales at the 12-week visit. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based SARS-CoV-2 immuonoglobulin G (IgG) test (blood) were measured. RESULTS: About 162 and 196 patients with BP were identified between March 2021 and March 2022 and August 2018 and August 2019, respectively. Forty-seven patients (29%) entered the prospective study; 85% had HB grades I or II, while 92% had an SFGS score of 71-100 at the last visit. Only 3 patients (6.5%) had a positive PCR during the initial episode, whereas 35 patients (77%) had positive IgG SARS-CoV-2. There was no association between positive PCR and facial function outcomes. Of the 162 patients, 105 (67%) had received COVID-19 vaccine. In 23 of them (22%), the paralysis appeared within the first 30 days after a vaccine dose. CONCLUSION: Coronavirus disease 2019 did not increase the incidence of BP. A direct association between the coronavirus and BP outcome cannot be established. The considerable number of patients developing BP within the first month suggests a possible association between COVID-19 vaccines and BP.

Clinical practice guideline on the management of vestibular schwannoma.

INTRODUCTION: Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is the most common tumour of the cerebellopontine angle. The greater accessibility to radiological tests has increased its diagnosis. Taking into account the characteristics of the tumour, the symptoms and the age of the patient, three therapeutic strategies have been proposed: observation, surgery or radiotherapy. Choosing the most appropriate for each patient is a frequent source of controversy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This paper includes an exhaustive literature review of issues related to VS that can serve as a clinical guide in the management of patients with these lesions. The presentation has been oriented in the form of questions that the clinician usually asks himself and the answers have been written and/or reviewed by a panel of national and international experts consulted by the Otology Commission of the SEORL-CCC. RESULTS: A list has been compiled containing the 13 most controversial thematic blocks on the management of VS in the form of 50 questions, and answers to all of them have been sought through a systematic literature review (articles published on PubMed and Cochrane Library between 1992 and 2023 related to each thematic area). Thirty-three experts, led by the Otology Committee of SEORL-CCC, have analyzed and discussed all the answers. In Annex 1, 14 additional questions divided into 4 thematic areas can be found. CONCLUSIONS: This clinical practice guideline on the management of VS offers agreed answers to the most common questions that are asked about this tumour. The absence of sufficient prospective studies means that the levels of evidence on the subject are generally medium or low. This fact increases the interest of this type of clinical practice guidelines prepared by experts.

Objective and Subjective Assessment of Music Perception and Musical Experiences in Young Cochlear Implant Users.

For many individuals, music has a significant impact on the quality and enjoyability of life. Cochlear implant (CI) users must cope with the constraints that the CI imposes on music perception. Here, we assessed the musical experiences of young CI users and age-matched controls with normal hearing (NH). CI users and NH peers were divided into subgroups according to age: children and adolescents. Participants were tested on their ability to recognize vocal and instrumental music and instruments. A music questionnaire for pediatric populations (MuQPP) was also used. CI users and NH peers identified a similar percentage of vocal music. CI users were significantly worse at recognizing instruments (p < 0.05) and instrumental music (p < 0.05). CI users scored similarly to NH peers on the MuQPP, except for the musical frequency domain, where CI users in the children subgroup scored higher than their NH peers (p = 0.009). For CI users in the children subgroup, the identification of instrumental music was positively correlated with music importance (p = 0.029). Young CI users have significant deficits in some aspects of music perception (instrumental music and instrument identification) but have similar scores to NH peers in terms of interest in music, frequency of music exposure, and importance of music.

Meludia platform as a tool to evaluate music perception in pediatric and adult cochlear implant users.

PURPOSE: Music perception is one of the greatest challenges for cochlear implant (CI) users. The aims of this study were: (i) to evaluate the music perception of CI users using the online Meludia music training program as music testing platform, (ii) to compare performance among three age groups, and (iii) to compare CI users with their normal hearing (NH) peers. METHODS: 138 individuals participated, divided between children (6-10 y), adolescents (11-16 y), and adults (≥ 17 y). Five music perception tasks were evaluated: Rhythm, Spatialization, Stable/unstable, Melody, and Density. We also administered the music related quality of life (MuRQoL) questionnaire for adults, and a music questionnaire for pediatric population (6-16 y) (MuQPP). RESULTS: A significantly higher percentage of the adolescent CI users completed the five tasks compared to the other age groups. Both pediatric and adolescent CI users had similar performance to their NH peers in most categories. On the MuRQoL, adult NH listeners reported more music exposure than CI users (3.8 ± 0.6 vs 3.0 ± 0.6, p < 0.01), but both groups reported similar levels of perceived music importance (3.4 ± 0.7 vs 3.2 ± 1.1, p = 0.340). On the MuQPP, pediatric CI users who scored highly on music perception also had higher reported questionnaire scores (54.2 ± 12.9 vs 40.9 ± 12.1, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Meludia can be used to evaluate music perception and to use for music training in CI users of all ages. Adolescents had the highest performance in most musical tasks. Pediatric CI users were more similar to their NH peers. The importance of music in adult CI users was comparable to their NH peers.

Validation of the Spanish version of the Electronic Facial Palsy Assessment (eFACE).

PURPOSE: The clinician-graded electronic facial paralysis assessment (eFACE) is a relatively new digital tool for assessing facial palsy. The present study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the eFACE. METHODS: Forward-backward translation from the original English version was performed. Videos and photographs from 65 adult patients with unilateral facial paralysis (any severity, time course, and etiology) were evaluated twice by five otolaryngologists with varying levels of experience in facial palsy evaluation. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's α and the intra- and inter-rater reliability were measured using intraclass correlation coefficient. Concurrent validity was established by calculating Spearman's rho correlation (ρ) between the eFACE and the House-Brackmann scale (H-B) and Pearson's correlation (r) between the eFACE and the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS). RESULTS: The Spanish version of the eFACE showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α > 0.8). The intra-rater reliability was nearly perfect for the total score (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.95-0.99), static score (0.92-0.96), and dynamic score (0.96-0.99) and important-to-excellent for synkinesis score (0.79-0.96). The inter-rater reliability was excellent for the total score (0.85-0.93), static score (0.80-0.90), and dynamic score (0.90-0.95) and moderate-to-important for the synkinesis score (0.55-0.78). The eFACE had a very strong correlation with the H-B (ρ = - 0.88 and - 0.85 for each evaluation, p < 0.001) and the SFGS (r = 0.92 and 0.91 each evaluation, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the eFACE is a reliable and valid instrument for assessment of facial function in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with facial paralysis.

Inverted clip technique for cochlear implant electrode array fixation: how I do it.

BACKGROUND: Electrode migration has been identified as a complication primarily related to straight electrodes. To address this issue, the use of a fixation clip has been suggested as an alternative to stabilize the electrode lead and reduce the risk of migration. METHODS: A modified approach to the standard fixation clip procedure is introduced. Steps and technical considerations are presented in the video attached. CONCLUSIONS: This novel configuration offers enhanced fixation of the electrode array without requiring additional surgical time and without posing any additional risk to the facial nerve.

Uso de videos como material complementario en la enseñanza de la Otorrinolaringología / Otorhynolaryngology image as supplementary teaching material

Introducción y objetivo: Los videos, como material didáctico complementario, pueden reemplazar parte de las horas de docencia y ayudar en la adquisición de conocimientos en Otorrinolaringología. Para ello se pretende analizar el impacto de la visualización de 4 videos en el resultado de 6 preguntas específicas del examen teórico de la asignatura y evaluar la percepción de estos videos. Método: Estudio analítico cuasi experimental transversal realizado en 213 estudiantes de Otorrinolaringología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid divididos en 2 grupos: grupo intervención y grupo control. Las diferencias en el rendimiento en las 6 preguntas entre ambos grupos se determinaron mediante la prueba χ2 o el test exacto de Fisher, con un valor de significación p<0.05. Además, para evaluar la percepción de los estudiantes se revisaron las opiniones registradas en los cuadernos de rotación hospitalaria. Resultados: Los videos tuvieron 883 visualizaciones al momento del análisis de los datos y la mayoría de las opiniones fueron positivas (94.87%). Se observaron diferencias significativas (p<0.01) en el resultado de los estudiantes en dos preguntas: “oído 1” (27.78% de aciertos en el grupo intervención vs. 7.50% en el grupo control) y “cuello 2” (38.89% vs. 81.80%). La mayoría de los comentarios sobre los videos (94.87%) fueron positivos. Discusión y conclusiones: no se pudo demostrar un impacto directo en los resultados académicos pero el fácil acceso a los videos y los comentarios positivos sobre estos evidenciaron su utilidad como una herramienta complementaria para la enseñanza de la asignatura. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Using videos as complementary teaching material can replace part of the teaching hours and be helpful in acquisition of knowledge in Otorhinolaryngology. To evaluate this alternative the impact of visualizations of 4 videos on performance in specific questions of the Otorhinolaryngology exam will be analyzed and students’ perception of these videos will be evaluated. Method: Quasi-experimental analytical study, conducted in 213 students of Otolaryngology of Autonomous University of Madrid divided in two groups (intervention and control). Differences between intervention and control group were analyzed using the chi-square test or the exact Fisher test (p value<0.05 statistically significant). Feedback from students on the videos was collected. Results: The total number of video visualizations was 883. Significant differences were observed (p < 0.01) on performance in question "ear 1" with 27.78% of success rate of the experimental group versus 7.50% of the control group, and in question "neck 2" with 38.89% of success rate of the experimental group compared to 81.80% of the control group. Most opinions about the videos (94.87%) were positive. Discussion and conclusions: No significant impact on performance was found, easy access to videos and positive feedback from students highlight its usefulness as a complementary teaching material to classes in Otorhinolaryngology. (AU)

Is Age a Limiting Factor for Audiological Results in Active Middle Ear Implants?

Active middle ear implants (AMEI) are implantable options for patients with sensorineural, conductive, or mixed hearing loss who are not good candidates for hearing aids. The aim of this study was to compare audiological, surgical, quality of life, and sound quality outcomes in adults <60 and ≥60 years receiving an AMEI. Twenty adult patients who underwent AMEI implantation were divided into two groups, <60 and ≥60 y. Preoperative tests included pure-tone average and speech discrimination score (SDS) at 65 dB for disyllabic words in quiet. Postoperative measures included AMEI-aided bone conduction threshold, free-field warble-tone threshold, and SDS at 65 dB for disyllabic words in quiet 12 months after the AMEI fitting. Subjective benefit was evaluated using the Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire (NCIQ), Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI), and Hearing Implant Sound Quality Index (HISQUI19). Mean functional gain was 32 and 30 dB, and SDS at 65 dB improved from 19 to 95% and from 31 to 84% in the <60 and ≥60 y groups, respectively. All NCIQ domains improved following surgery, and all patients had a positive overall GBI score. The mean HISQUI19 score was 97 in both age groups. AMEIs are an effective hearing restoration method for older adults suffering from conductive or mixed hearing loss.

Long-Term Non-Users of Transcutaneous Auditory Implants: Thirty Years of Experience at a Single Institution.

Background: Although it is a recognized phenomenon, there is little published in the literature on the discontinuation of auditory implant use. Aim: To evaluate the incidence of device non-use of transcutaneous auditory implants. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective study of all living individuals (children and adults) implanted at the La Paz Hospital (Madrid, Spain) between 1992-2015, with a follow-up examination endpoint of December 2022. 356 device recipients were included: 316 with cochlear implants (CI), 22 with middle-ear implants (Vibrant Soundbridge, VSB), and 18 with bone conduction implants (Bonebridge, BB). Results: Nine CI recipients (2.8%) were identified as non-users (mean follow-up 15.1 ± 5.4 years). The reasons for non-use were implant failure and reimplantation rejection, lack of benefit, non-attendance of rehabilitation sessions, loss of the audio processor, and cognitive and linguistic difficulties. None of them experienced any surgical complications. Six VSB recipients (27.3%) were device non-users (mean follow-up 11.4 ± 2.1 years). All of them experienced device failure or surgical complications. To date, none of the BB recipients is a non-user (mean follow-up 8.6 ± 1.1 years). Conclusion: The rates of non-use of transcutaneous auditory implants vary widely between different types of implants. Given the small proportion of non-users, information on what are the predictive factors could not be determined. The reasons for non-use should be carefully documented and used to guide careful patient selection to reduce the risk of non-use in future candidates.

A Novel Representation of Audiological and Subjective Findings for Acoustical, Bone Conduction and Direct Drive Hearing Solutions.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of hearing rehabilitation is often measured using audiological tests or subjective questionnaires/interviews. It is important to consider both aspects in order to evaluate the overall benefits. Currently, there is no standardized method for reporting combined audiological and patient reported subjective outcome measures in clinical practice. Therefore, this study focuses on showing the patient's audiological, as well as subjective outcomes in one graph using data from an existing study. METHOD: The present paper illustrated a graph presenting data on four quadrants with audiological and subjective findings. These quadrants represented speech comprehension in quiet (unaided vs. aided) as WRS% at 65 dB SPL, speech recognition in noise (unaided vs. aided) as SRT dB SNR, sound field threshold (unaided vs. aided) as PTA4 in dB HL, wearing time and patient satisfaction questionnaire results. RESULTS: As an example, the HEARRING graph in this paper represented audiological and subjective datasets on a single patient level or a cohort of patients for an active bone conduction hearing implant solution. The graph offered the option to follow the user's performance in time. CONCLUSION: The HEARRING graph allowed representation of a combination of audiological measures with patient reported outcomes in one single graph, indicating the overall benefit of the intervention. In addition, the correlation and consistency between some results (e.g., aided threshold and aided WRS) can be better visualized. Those users who lacked performance benefits on one or more parameters and called for further insight could be visually identified.

Validation of the Spanish version of the Sunnybrook facial grading system.

PURPOSE: The Sunnybrook facial grading system (SFGS) is one of the most widely employed tools to assess facial function. The present study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Spanish language version of the SFGS. METHODS: Forward-backward translation from the original English version was performed by fluent speakers of English and Spanish. Videos from 65 patients with facial paralysis (FP) were evaluated twice by five otolaryngologists with experience in FP evaluation. Internal consistency and intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed. The House-Brackmann scale was used to display concurrent validity which was established by Spearman's rho correlation. RESULTS: The Cronbach's α score exceeded 0.70. The intra-rater intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was nearly perfect for the composite score (0.96-0.99), voluntary movements (0.97-0.99), and synkinesis (0.91-0.98), and important to almost perfect for symmetry at rest (0.79-0.97). In both evaluations, the inter-rater ICC was higher than 0.90 for the composite score (0.92-0.96) and voluntary movements (0.91-0.96) and slightly lower for symmetry at rest (0.66-0.85) and synkinesis (0.72-0.87). A strong negative correlation was found between the H-B scale and SFGS (Spearman's rho coefficient = - 0.92, p < 0.001) in both evaluations. CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the SFGS is a reliable and valuable instrument for the assessment of facial function in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with FP.

The Online HEARRING Counselling 1.0 Platform Provides Clinicians with Comprehensive Information on Hearing Device Solutions for Conductive, Mixed, and Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

A platform to help clinicians ensure that hearing device candidates are informed about the benefits and drawbacks of their recommended treatment option would be of clinical counselling benefit because it could help each candidate form realistic expectations about life with their treatment option. Following the World Café approach, 54 participants (surgeons, audiologist, and researchers) generated lists of the benefits and drawbacks of each treatment option for single-sided deafness (SSD) and bone conduction (BC) solutions. They then prioritized the benefits and drawbacks. After the World Café, literature research was performed on each topic to check if the statements (on benefits and drawbacks) are supported by quality peer-reviewed publications. Each participant was surveyed to ensure a collective agreement was reached. The HEARRING Counselling 1.0 Platform was developed. Thus far, sections for SSD and BC solutions have been completed. Initial feedback has been highly positive. The platform will be expanded to cover middle ear implant solutions and cochlear implants. A plan is in place to ensure the information continues to be timely. The HEARRING Counselling 1.0 helps clinicians provide comprehensive information to candidates about their treatment option and thereby helps establish that candidates have realistic expectations about the benefits and drawbacks of device use.

The effect of risk factors on cognition in adult cochlear implant candidates with severe to profound hearing loss.

Hearing loss has been identified as a major modifiable risk factors for dementia. Adult candidates for cochlear implantation (CI) represent a population at risk of hearing loss-associated cognitive decline. This study investigated the effect of demographics, habits, and medical and psychological risk factors on cognition within such a cohort. Data from 34 consecutive adults with post-lingual deafness scheduled for CI were analyzed. Pure tone audiometry (PTA4) and Speech Discrimination Score (SDS) were recorded. The Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status for Hearing impaired individuals (RBANS-H) was used to measure cognition. Demographics (sex, age, years of education), habits (smoking, alcohol intake, physical inactivity), and medical factors (hypertension, diabetes, traumatic brain injury) were evaluated. Depression was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and social inhibition with the Type D questionnaire (DS14). All participants (mean age 62 ± 15 years) suffered from severe to profound hearing loss (PTA4:129 ± 60 dB; SDS:14 ± 24%). The mean RBANS-H total score was 83 ± 16. Participants reported a mean of years of formal education of 12 ± 5 years. The prevalence of habits and medical risk factors was: physical inactivity (29%), body mass index >30 (28%), traumatic brain injury (25%), hypertension (24%), heavy alcohol consumption (13%), smoking (13%), and diabetes (0%). Regarding psychological factors, the mean scores of social inhibition and depression were 10 ± 6 and 6 ± 5, respectively. The number of years of education was significantly correlated with the RBANS-H total score (p < 0.001), and with the domains "Immediate memory" (p = 0.003), "Visuospatial/constructional" (p < 0.001), and "Attention" (p < 0.001). The mean RBANS-H total score in participants who had university studies or higher level (12/34) was 97 ± 9, with the remaining participants reporting a mean score of 75 ± 15. Men performed better in the "Visuospatial/constructional" (p = 0.008). Physical inactivity was associated with lower scores in the "Delayed memory" (p = 0.031); hypertension correlated with lower RBANS-H total scores (p = 0.025) and "Attention" (p = 0.006). Depression and social inhibition were negatively correlated with RBANS-H total score and with the "Immediate memory," "Visuospatial/constructional," and "Attention" (all p < 0.05). In adults with late-onset deafness scheduled to CI, educational level has a significant effect. Additionally, sex, physical inactivity, hypertension, and psychological traits of social inhibition and depression may also influence cognitive status. Long-term studies with more participants would enable us better understand the effects different risk factors on cognitive status.

Laryngeal electromyography, a useful tool in difficult cases of pediatric laryngeal mobility disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric laryngeal mobility disorders constitute a challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment, especially in small children and those complex patients with prior history of prolonged intubation or surgery. Laryngeal electromyography (L-EMG) may help to distinguish vocal fold paralysis from fixation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten children with laryngeal mobility disorders (including bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI) or unilateral vocal fold immobility (UVFI) with contralateral hypomobility) underwent suspension laryngoscopy and L-EMG between July 2019 and March 2021. The EMG data were acquired simultaneously in both thyroarytenoid muscles. Anesthesia was lightened until volitional activity appeared like cough, cry or spontaneous Valsalva maneuver. RESULTS: We found secondary airway lesions in 2 patients and 3 vocal fold fixation. L-EMG recordings were pathologic in 4 patients (3 moderate and 1 severe nerve lesion). No recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was found in congenital BVFI cases. The data from both suspension laryngoscopy and L-EMG recordings influenced clinical decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: L-EMG adds value to suspension laryngoscopy in the management of pediatric patients with laryngeal mobility disorders. Selected cases such as patients with iatrogenic BVFI, UVFI with associated contralateral hypomobility or patients with combined pathologies may obtain the greatest benefit.

Evolution of Type D Personality Traits After Cochlear Implantation in Severely Hearing Impaired Adults 55 Years and Older: An Exploratory Prospective, Longitudinal, Controlled, Multicenter Study.

PURPOSE: To study the evolution of type D personality traits in older adults after cochlear implantation compared with a control group of severely hearing impaired older adults who did not receive a cochlear implant (CI). The influence of COVID-19 on this evolution was also explored. Type D personality combines a high degree of negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI). METHODS: In this prospective, longitudinal, controlled multicenter exploratory study, 76 older CI users and 21 severely hearing impaired controls without CI were included. The CI group and the control group did not differ significantly regarding age, formal education, residual hearing, Type D Scale-14 (DS14) total score, NA, and SI at baseline. Type D personality traits were assessed with the DS14 at baseline (T0) and 14 months later (T14). RESULTS: Type D personality traits differed significantly over time between the CI group and the control group (p < 0.001). In the CI group, the DS14 total score (mean delta T = -6.63; p < 0.001), NA (mean delta T = -3.26; p < 0.001), and SI (mean delta T = -3.37; p < 0.001) improved significantly over time (delta T = T14-T0), whereas no significant difference was found in the control group. Significantly fewer subjects were categorized as type D personalities in the CI group (delta T = -12; p = 0.023) at T14, whereas no significant change was found in the control group (delta T = 3; p = 0.250). COVID-19 did not influence the evolution of type D personality traits significantly in the CI group. CONCLUSION: Cochlear implantation has a positive effect on type D personality traits in older adults with a severe-to-profound hearing impairment.

Systematic Literature Review of Hearing Preservation Rates in Cochlear Implantation Associated With Medium- and Longer-Length Flexible Lateral Wall Electrode Arrays.

Background: The last two decades have demonstrated that preoperative functional acoustic hearing (residual hearing) can be preserved during cochlear implant (CI) surgery. However, the relationship between the electrode array length and postoperative hearing preservation (HP) with lateral wall flexible electrode variants is still under debate. Aims/Objectives: This is a systematic literature review that aims to analyze the HP rates of patients with residual hearing for medium-length and longer-length lateral wall electrodes. Method: A systematic literature review methodology was applied following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) recommendations to evaluate the HP rates of medium-length and longer-length lateral wall electrodes from one CI manufacturer (medium length FLEX 24, longer length FLEX 28 and FLEX SOFT, MED-EL, Innsbruck, Austria). A search using search engine PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) was performed using the search terms "hearing preservation" or "residual hearing" and "cochlear implant" in "All fields." Articles published only in English between January 01, 2009 and December 31, 2020 were included in the search. Results: The HP rate was similar between medium-length (93.4%-93.5%) and longer (92.1%-86.8%) electrodes at 4 months (p = 0.689) and 12 months (p = 0.219). In the medium-length electrode group, patients under the age of 45 years had better HP than patients above the age of 45 years. Conclusions: Both medium-length and longer electrode arrays showed high hearing preservation rates. Considering the hearing deterioration over time, implanting a longer electrode at primary surgery should be considered, thus preventing the need for future reimplantation.