[New genetic tools for plant defense against parasitic nematodes]. / Новые генетические Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸ защиты растений от Ð¿Ð°Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ‚Ð¾Ð´.

. Nematodes belong to economically important pests. Here we reviewed the recent data on molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to cyst and gall nematodes including the most devastating Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida, Heterodera schachtii, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, and M. incognita. The Golden Potato Cyst Nematode (G. rostochiensis, GPCN) may be taken as an example of an economically important pest: in Russia, it occurs in 61 regions with a total area of 1.8 million ha and may cause the yield loss from 19 to 90 %. The biological characteristics of sedentary nematodes makes their agrotechnical control problematic, i.e. the GPCN cysts remain dormant in soil for many years until a susceptible host appears, whereas nematicides are either toxic or inefficient. Introgression of resistance genes (R-genes) from related cultivated or wild species is likely to be the most appropriate way for their biocontrol. The life cycle of sedentary nematodes is based on juveniles' penetration into the host root where they reprogram plant cells into a syncytium or the so-called 'giant cells' and inhibit the plant defense response. Molecular mechanisms of plant-nematode interaction are unusual and this phenomenon provides a very interesting model for the investigation of plant morphogenesis control as well as for the development of new genetic instruments of biocontrol. Here we reviewed recent publications on plant parasitic nematode effectors used for hijacking of the plant immune system, data on R-genes and molecular mechanisms of their activities. In addition, host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is discussed as a perspective mechanism for nematode biocontrol. HIGS is based on the RNA interference in the cells of the host plant addressed against the nematode genes important for their development and productivity. Several recent investigations demonstrated efficiency of HIGS against sedentary nematodes.

[Quarantine nematode species and pathotypes potentially dangerous for domestic potato production: populations diversity and the genetics of potato resistance]. / Потенциально опасные для отечественного картофелеводства карантинные виды и патотипы нематод: изменчивость популяций и генетика устойчивости картофеля.

The review considers quarantine species and nematode pathotypes potentially dangerous for domestic potato production. Potatoes are affected by more than 30 types of parasitic nematodes, but the review focuses on the most harmful representatives of genera that cause great damage to potato production: Globodera, Ditylenchus, Nacobbus and Meloidogyne. Phytopathological and molecular methods of identification of species and pathotypes and the main achievements in studying the population variability of parasitic potato nematodes were analyzed. It was shown that due to the peculiarities of the life cycle of nematodes and lability of their genomes, the genetic variability of these organisms is very high, which creates a threat of forming new pathogenic genotypes of the parasites. The information about the intra- and interpopulation variability of nematodes is important for studying the ways of introduction and distribution of separate species, as well as for searching for the correlations of molecular markers with the pathotype. Phylogenetic studies based on modern data on genetic variability of populations have allowed to reveal species complexes in Globodera pallida (Stone) Behrens and Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne) Thorne & Allen (sensu lato), including cryptic species. The main components of successful protection preventing a wide distribution of parasitic nematodes are quarantine measures, agricultural techniques, biological methods of protection and cultivation of resistant cultivars. Special attention in the review is paid to the breeding of potato cultivars with durable resistance to various nematode pathotypes, because the cultivation of such varieties is the most ecologically safe and economically advantageous way to prevent epiphytoties. Currently, significant progress has been made in the genetic protection of potato cultivars, especially against cyst-forming nematodes. The review provides data on sources of potato resistance to parasitic nematodes identified in collections of wild and cultivated species. Data on identified R-gens and QTL of resistance that have been introduced into breeding varieties using different methods and approaches are analyzed. The literature data on the study of structural and functional organization of genes for resistance to potato cyst nematodes are given. The results of molecular research on revealing the polymorphisms of loci involved in the control of resistance to cyst and gall nematodes, the development of molecular markers of certain genes and their use in marker-assisted selection for developing of new resistant cultivars, including those with group resistance, are considered.

[Molecular markers in the genetic diversity studies of representatives of the genus Rubus L. and prospects of their application in breeding]. / Молекулярные маркеры в Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð³ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ‚Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ разнообразия представителей рода Rubus L. и перспективы Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ в селекции.

According to estimates of various taxonomists, the genus Rubus L. (Rosaceae Juss.) consists of 12-16 subgenera comprising ~750 species. The two largest subgenera are Idaeobatus (Focke) Focke, which includes raspberries, and the type subgenus Rubus (=Eubatus Focke), which contains blackberry species. Representatives of the genus Rubus have high nutritional and economic values, as well as medicinal properties. Breeding programs are aimed at broadening genetic diversity and creating new varieties of raspberries and blackberries that are resistant to biotic and abiotic stressors and have high fruit quality. Modern breeding and genetic programs increasingly use the achievements of molecular genetics and genomics. This paper reviews the literature data on the application of molecular markers in fundamental and applied research aimed at studying the genetic diversity of cultivated and wild species of the genus Rubus. The review describes the main types of molecular markers (RFLP, RAPD, SCoT, SSR, ISSR, AFLP, SCAR, SSCP) and their application for studying the species of the genus Rubus. The results of the work on the use of DNA markers for solving different tasks are presented, including: studying the phylogenetic relationships of species, clarifying controversial issues of taxonomy, analyzing interspecific and intraspecific diversity, genotyping and pedigree analysis of raspberry and blackberry varieties, studying somaclonal variation and others. The most important applied result is the development of molecular genetic maps for raspberry and blackberry species, on which numerous genes and QTLs conferring various valuable traits have been mapped. At the same time, the number of markers that are promising for effective molecular screening is still insufficient.

[Resistance to causal agents of late blight and golden potato nematode of the modern cultivars of seed potatoes and their phytosanitary status in various agroclimatic zones of the European part of Russia]. / Устойчивость к возбудителям фитофтороза и глободероза современного сортимента семенного картофеля и его фитосанитарное состояние в Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð»Ð¸Ñ‡Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð°Ð³Ñ€Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÐ²Ñ€Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÐ¹ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ части России.

The active expansion of foreign potato cultivars on the territory of the Russian Federation has led to a change in the dominant pathogen species and to the emergence of new pathotypes of causal agents of harmful potato diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate resistance to Phytophthora infestans and Globodera rostochiensis of modern potato cultivars and determine the distribution of fungal and oomycetic diseases on potato cultivars in various agroclimatic zones of Russia. The resistance of 41 foreign cultivars was evaluated to pathotype Ro1 G. rostochiensis and to isolate VZR17 P. infestans with virulence genes 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11. Resistant to G. rostochiensis were 38 cultivars. 57R marker of the H1 gene conferring resistance to the Ro1 pathotype of G. rostochiensis was detected in 96.6 % of the nematode resistant cultivars studied; susceptible varieties did not possess this marker. Absolute resistance to the causative agent of late blight was demonstrated by the cultivars Alouette and Sarpo Mira (score 9); high levels of resistance (score 6 and 7) were determined for the cultivars Evolution, Red Fantasy and Ricarda. The cultivars Baltic Rose, Damaris, Desiree, Gala, Labella, Laperla, Mia, Sanibel, Zekura, Queen Anne, Red Lady and '7 for 7' were classified as susceptible, although the characteristics of originators indicated average resistance to late blight. A phytopathological test was conducted on 92 samples of 39 varieties of seed potatoes from four federal districts of the Russian Federation: Volga, NorthWest, Central and North Caucasus. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. and Helminthosporium solani are most common on all varieties. 100 % defeat of tubers by H. solani was recorded in various regions on the cultivars Red Scarlett, Evolution, Labella, Colombo, Gala and Nevsky. Widespread Colletotrichum coccodes on tubers of the elite and 2nd reproductions of the potato cultivar Red Scarlett (50.0-71.4 %) was recorded in the Central District.

[DEPENDENCE OF LEVEL OF MYELOPEROXIDASE OF PLASMA OF BLOOD ON FUNCTIONAL STATE OF NEUTROPHILS AT ACUTE INFARCT OF MYOCARDIUM.]

The purpose of this work was to define dependence of maintenance of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in plasma of blood of patients by the acute infarct of myocardium from the state of oxygen metabolism of neutrophils, which was estimated on activity of myeloperoxidases, superoxid-anion and catalase in cells and on maintenance by peroxigens. 19 is inspected practically healthy volunteers and 56 patients with the the acute infarct of myocardium. The got results testify that maintenance of MPO in plasma of blood of patients with acute infarct of myocardium depends on the functional state of neutrophils, which, in its turn, is related to the clinical features of patients. Low maintenance is associated exceptionally with low activity of MPO of neutrophils, and also other oxygen radicals. High maintenance of MPO in plasma accompanied low or high activity of MPO of neutrophils and is pathognomonic for patients with the acute infarct of myocardium.

KORVITIN REDUCES THE HIGH MAINTENANCE OF MYELOPEROXIDASE IN PLASMA OF BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH THE ACUTE INFARCT OF MYOCARDIUM.

We studied the content of myeloperoxidase in plasma of blood, which is a new additional marker of the metabolic activity of phagocytes and the activity of inflammation in patientes with the acute infarct of myocardium and possibility of its correction of Korvitin. We inspected 15 practically healthy persons in which the content of myeloperoxidase was 74,5±16,3 ng/ml, 13 patients with a stable stenocardia (the conent of myeloperoxidase was 218,4±30,9 ng/ml) and 60 patients with acute infarct of myocardium (the content of myeloperoxidase was 606,0±59,3 ng/ml at the beginning of therapy) in the dynamics of treatment. In patients accepting standard treatment (without application of Korvitin), the content of myeloperoxidase was unchanged during 7 days of treatment. It patients administered korvitin, the action of this preparation depended on the initial level of myeloperoxidase. In Patients with the initial normal plasma content of myeloperoxidase (16,7%), its content insignificantly increased during the time course of the treatment, while in patients with the high initial level of myeloperoxidase (83,3%), its level declined during treatment.

[The new methods in gerontology for life expectancy prediction of the indigenous population of Yugra].

The behavior of the state vector of human cardio-vascular system in different age groups according to methods of theory of chaos-self-organization and methods of classical statistics was investigated. Observations were made on the indigenous people of North of the Russian Federation. Using methods of the theory of chaos-self-organization the differences in the parameters of quasi-attractors of the human state vector of cardio-vascular system of the people of Russian Federation North were shown. Comparison with the results obtained by classical statistics was made.

[Study of genetic diversity in potato cultivars using PCR analysis of organelle DNA].

The genetic diversity of 98 potato cultivars of Russian and foreign breeding was studied using of PCR with organelle-specific primers. The polymorphism of both plastid (atpE, trnG/trnK) and mitochondrial (rps, atp6) loci was revealed. Eight different haplotypes were detected in the sample of cultivars studied. Comparatively low of polymorphism of organelle DNA in the potato cultivars was demonstrated: most cultivars (91 or 92.9%) possessed only two haplotypes (I and II); 62 cultivars of them had similar "cultural" cytoplasmic type (haplotype I). The breeding cultivars of the Russian and foreign origin did not differ from each other in frequency of basic haplotypes.

[Apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, cytokines and remodeling of myocardium against the development of chronic heart failure].

A literature review considers apoptosis-related immunological aspects of chronic heart failure (CHF). Scientific data on the induction of cardiomiocyte apoptosis, NO and immune factors--cytokines in the development of CHF and remodeling of myocardium were analyzed. Modern approaches of therapy for patients with CHF were discussed in the article. They include combined correction of functioning mechanisms of neurohumoral systems and elimination of adverse effects of apoptosis--associated cytokine "aggression".

Somatosensory evoked potentials during natural and learning rearrangements of posture accompanied by limb elevation in dogs.

Changes in the functional state of the sensorimotor cortex associated with reorganization of the natural pattern of postural rearrangement before limb elevation (the "diagonal" patten and of an artificial rearrangement (the "unilateral" pattern) were studied in dogs. The state of cortical structures on postural rearrangement was assessed in terms of the pattern of somatosensory evoked potentials produced in response to stimulation of the forelimb during postural preparation of the animal for elevating the hindlimb (acquired avoidance response to a sound signal). Evoked potentials during the natural postural preparation (the "diagonal" pattern) were compared with those during the altered pattern of postural preparation (the "unilateral" pattern), this preparation taking place prior to elevation of the limb. Controls consisted of evoked potentials in the resting state. Decreases were seen in the latencies and amplitudes of most components of evoked potentials during postural rearrangement. In general, changes in evoked potentials were less marked in the "unilateral" pattern than in the "diagonal" pattern, though the differences were significant only for the amplitude of the first negative component. Changes in evoked potentials were similar regardless of whether the supporting forces of the limb to which the test stimulus was applied increased or decreased during postural rearrangement. It is suggested that differences in evoked potentials may reflect changes in the interaction between neuronal populations within the sensorimotor cortex during reorganization of the pattern of postural rearrangement associated with learning.

Identification of mitotic chromosomes of tuberous and non-tuberous solanum species (Solanum tuberosum and Solanum brevidens) by GISH in their interspecific hybrids.

GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) was applied for the analysis of mitotic chromosome constitutions of somatic hybrids and their derivatives between dihaploid clones of cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (2n = 2x = 24, AA genome) and the diploid, non-tuberous, wild species Solanum brevidens Phil. (2n = 2x = 24, EE genome). Of the primary somatic hybrids, both tetraploid (2n = 4x) and hexaploid (2n = 6x) plants were found with the genomic constitutions of AAEE and AAEEEE, respectively. Androgenic haploids (somatohaploids) derived from the tetraploid somatic hybrids had the genomic constitutions of AE (2n = 2x = 24) and haploids originating from the hexaploid hybrids were triploid AEE (2n = 3x = 33 and 2n = 3x = 36). As a result of subsequent somatic hybridization from a fusion between dihaploid S. tuberosum (2n = 2x = 24, genome AA) and a triploid somatohaploid (2n = 3x = 33, genome AEE), second-generation somatic hybrids were obtained. These somatic hybrids were pentaploids (2n = 5x, genome AAAEE), but had variable chromosome numbers. GISH analysis revealed that both primary and second-generation somatic hybrids had lost more chromosomes of S. brevidens than of S. tuberosum.

[Apoptosis in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion]. / Apoptoz pri ishemii i reperfuzii miokarda.

Apoptosis initiated in cells of tissues maintaining homeostasis under the influence of growth factors and hormones has been recently described during the early stage of myocardial infarction in the reperfusion zone of the cardiac muscle. Although it has been proved that apoptosis of cardiomyocytes plays one of the key roles in progression of the reperfusion syndrome, molecular and cellular mechanisms of this phenomenon are not yet resolved. Prospects are discussed of a new trend in preventive treatment of ischemic and reperfusion-related affection of the myocardium relying upon blocking of apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.

Effects of maturity and training on bimanual ballistic isometric handgrip.

We studied maturity and training effects on maximal force and accuracy of force targeting during ballistic handgrips. Male right-handed nontrained adolescents (16-20 yrs.), trained adolescents (oarsmen--16-18 yrs.) and nontrained adults (21-44 yrs.) did right (R) unilateral (UL), left (L) UL handgrip and bilateral (BL) maximal ballistic handgrips. Next, they targeted 30% of maximal respective UL handgrip. We found peak force L:R ratios in adolescents significantly closer to 1 compared to nontrained adults suggesting less hemisphere dominance in adolescents, especially in trained ones. Nontrained adolescents showed smaller bilateral deficit for L hand than the other groups. Adolescents showed a significant underestimation of L hand during BL task (-4.6%), especially oarsmen (-8.7%), while adults showed neither overestimation, nor underestimation during all tasks. The disappearance of the asymmetry of bilateral deficit and L hand errors of force targeting suggest a diminution of neural cross-talk from dominant to non-dominant hand and its better estimate with maturity.

[Somatosensory evoked potentials during natural and learned patterns of postural adjustment, accompanying limb movements in dogs]. / Somatosensornye vyzvannye potentsialy vo vremia natural'noi i vyuchennoi perestroiki pozy, soprovozhdaiushchei pod''em konechnosti u sobak.

A goal of the study was to investigate cortical reorganization corresponding to inhibition of innate motor patterns during motor learning. Functional changes in the sensorimotor cortex during learned rearrangement of the natural diagonal pattern of postural adjustment (PA) accompanying a hindlimb movement into a new one, the so-called unilateral pattern, were studied in dogs by testing somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) in response to stimulation of a forelimb during PA immediately before the limb movement onset. During PA the latency and the amplitude of several SEP components decreased. In general, changes in SEP were less pronounced in the learned unilateral pattern of postural adjustment in comparison with the innate diagonal pattern, but the difference was significant only for some SEP components. The SEP late positivity in the learned postural pattern was replaced by a negativity. The SEP changes were similar independently of whether the test stimulus was applied on the forelimb loaded or unloaded during postural adjustment. The data suggest that changes in interrelations between different neuronal populations in the sensorimotor cortex during formation and realization of a learned motor program can be reflected in SEP changes.

[The effect of Wobenzym on the atherogenic potential and inflammatory factors at the rehabilitation stage for patients who have had a myocardial infarct]. / Vliianie vobenzima na aterogennyi potentsial i vospalitel'nye faktory na étape reabilitatsii bol'nykh, perenesshikh infarkt miokarda.

Effects were studied of wobenzyme on atherogenicity of blood serum and immunoinflammatory reactions in patients with myocardial infarction during the rehabilitation stage over six months. The basis therapy when supplemented with wobenzyme was found out to facilitate normalization of the atherogenic potential and to have a positive action on the mediators of the inflammatory process.

[Preliminary results of the study of physical health parameters in people treated for retroperitoneal neoplasms in childhood]. / Pervye rezul'taty izucheniia pokazatelei fizicheskogo zdorov'ia u lits, v detstve izlechennykh ot zlokachestvennykh opukholei zabriushinnogo prostranstva.

Physical status of 172 former cases of retroperitoneal tumors was investigated. As a result of treatment for cancer, former patients revealed changes in the urinary (62.5%), cardiovascular (25%) systems and gastrointestinal tract (71.5%). These indices, however, stayed within the morbidity rates in the total population.

Modulation of somatosensory evoked potentials during coordination between posture and movement.

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) elicited during execution of voluntary movements undergo modification in their amplitude ('gating'). We have studies SEP changes during a motor task that includes anticipatory postural adjustment and focal movement. Upright standing subjects were performing fast forward elevation of one arm. The electrical stimulus was presented over the ipsilateral posterior tibial nerve within two different time frames: (1) preceding the EMG activity of femoral biceps muscle, known to be first in occurrence in such task; (2) during this EMG activity, yet before the EMG occurrence in anterior deltoid muscle-prime mover for the forward arm elevation. The following significant changes in SEPs preceding focal movements as compared with control SEPs during quiet stance were found: The early component P42-N50 showed a marked decrease, regardless of its time relation to the anticipatory activity in the leg. Component N50-P60 increased in amplitude, more so when elicited within an earlier time frame. Thus, diminution of amplitude as an expression of gating, was found to exist already before the occurrence of anticipatory postural adjustment activity and to persist during the ensuing focal movement.

Mechanically evoked cerebral potentials to sudden ankle dorsiflexion in human subjects during standing.

Mechanically evoked cerebral potentials (MECP) were studied in humans standing on a movable platform with three different stance widths. A sudden platform tilt of 4 degrees produced ankle dorsiflexion and resulted in scalp potentials of five distinct components, the earliest being a positive deflection at 35/60 ms. Their latencies have shown fairly consistent values among the three stance widths, while the amplitudes underwent some significant changes under the wide stance condition as compared with tightly close feet. These findings were interpreted as purporting evidence of altered somaesthetic afferent input from lower limbs during standing with widely apart support surface.

Somatosensory evoked potentials modification related to isometric voluntary contraction.

Somatosensory evoked potentials were elicited by applying an electrical stimulus to the median nerve while the subjects performed a handgrip isometric contraction. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded from scalp positions C3 + 2 and C3-2. SEPs during the increase phase and decrease phase of force, and during the hold phase (period of maintenance of steady force) of isometric contraction were compared with potentials during rest. SEPs during the three phases of isometric contraction were also compared. Changes in SEP latencies were not observed. The increase or decrease phase of force and the hold phase caused suppression of the relatively late N55-P100 component when compared to rest. There was no difference in the amplitude of SEPs during the increase or decrease phase. During the hold phase the early N20-P30 component was increased when compared to the other two phases. The selective changes of SEPs during the three phases of isometric-anisotonic contraction suggested task dependence of the gating process.

Somatosensory evoked potentials during compound thumb movement.

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of a biphasic flexion-extension movement upon somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). Voluntary thumb flexion initiated a sequence of either single or single PLUS sustained electrical stimulation upon the median nerve. In cases of sustained stimulation the subjects had to overcome the induced tetanic thumb flexion. During movements the latencies of early components were longer compared to rest; during simple movements the amplitudes of most components were diminished compared to rest; the amplitudes of early components were further diminished in movements against tetanic contraction compared to simple ones; the suppression of SEP amplitudes was similar regardless of possibility to overcome the opposing tetanic contraction; the changes in SEP amplitudes were not dependent on training.