[Ecological, functional, and thermodynamic prerequisites and consequences of homoeothermy origin and development, with avian energetics as a case study].

Homoeothermy has formed in birds and mammals independently and in different geological ages. However, in both groups it originated as a side effect of selection for aerobic metabolism improvement that provided a higher level of activity. Advantages of having high and stable body temperature, which are inevitably related with metabolism intensification, led to development of thermoregulatory adaptations such as fur and feathers. This made it possible to retain the metabolically generated heat and reduce heat absorption in hot environments. Emergence of homoeothermy with aerobic supply of motion activity, possibilities to regulate the level of metabolism and thermolysis, has opened a lot of opportunities for homoeothermic animals. Achieving such a level of energy utilization allowed them to maintain activity for a longer time, while its sensory support led to complication and diversification of birds' behavioral repertoire (as well as that of mammals) facilitating the conquest of almost entire part of the biosphere that is suitable for living. This process was favoured by the development of nurturing and passing on the information, collected throughout the life, to new generations. Formation of high levels of aerobic metabolism in birds and mammals was proceeding in parallel among different groups of reptilian ancestors. The level of homoeothermy, at which aerobic metabolism is able to maintain prolonged activity, developed in birds and mammals in different ways: they have got dissimilar partitioning of venous and arterial networks, erythrocytes with or without a cell nucleus, different lungs design--but, at that, similar minimum metabolic power and rather close body temperatures which correspond well to the environmental conditions on the Earth. Natural selection allowed animals with high energetic metabolism to increase their diversity and abundance, but only when homoeothermic animals could satisfy their demands for food resources, that have risen manifold. That happened in the middle of Cretaceous, in time with the appearance of angiosperms and expansion of related fauna of invertebrates.

[Functional implication of the basal metabolic rate in homeothermic animals].

Data on energetic profile of many species Passeriformes and Non-Passeriformes show that the basal metabolic rate (BMR) is strongly correlated with potential energy (MPE) and potential productive energy (PPE) (MPE is about 4BMR in all homeothermic animals). BMR is the minimal power of animal and strongly correlated with the daily work output, which may be determined by measuring total animal activity. Hence, BMR is the fundamental scale of power which determines the intensity of the actual interaction of an individual with the environment. The increase in BMR of a particular animal should rise the potential energy (MPE), potential productive energy (PPE), and the level of daily work output. BMR in Passerines birds is 1.3-1.5 fold higher than that in Non-Passerines and Mammals. Origin ofendothermy in the course of evolution should be associated with needs of general activity rather than with the requirements of thermoregulation.

[Healthy person's cerebral reactions to the rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation of different intensity].

At 8 healthy examinees-volunteers of 22-25 years the functional effects of super-threshold (above 1.2 T) and subthreshold (70-80% of a motor threshold) rTMS of premotor cortexes medial departments were compared. Functional brain activity changes were estimated (before and 1 hour after stimulation) by comparing data including neuropsychological testing, visual and spectral-coherent EEG-analysis, and also haemodynamic parameters. The number of the work's problem included selection of activating orientated stimulation's frequency, and also specification objective EEG--criteria of efficiency rTMS. It is established the effect of EEG-analysis during different frequency photostimulation for a choice of activating rTMS. The received results reveal EEG-coherence as one of the most informative characteristics of cerebral neuro-dynamics under rTMS-influence. Dependence of stimulation's functional effects (activated or brake character) from initial level of the intercentral coherent communications is noted. It is revealed that rTMS of the healthy examinees causes certain changes of functional activity of a brain, distinct from placebo-effects. rTMS-effect dependent on intensity (super--or sub-threshold), and also from features of an initial intercentral rations. More expressed functional changes are observed in the left hemisphere. It is shown big by reactance of the left hemisphere on this influence. In formation of brain responses on rTMS the active role of the vascular factor is shown.