Dolutegravir-induced hand-foot skin reaction in a seropositive male: A rare presentation.

Hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) is a specific but uncommon cutaneous side effect mainly following chemotherapeutic drugs such as multitargeted kinase inhibitors. HFSR is reversible and non-life-threatening. HFSR, also known as palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia, presents with various degrees of erythema, edema, hyperkeratosis, blister, and sometimes with a fine white scale. Dolutegravir, a first next-generation integrase inhibitor, is used with other antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat mainly HIV infections. HFSR is diagnosed depending on the suggestive association of drug intake and characteristic palmoplantar eruption. ART can cause several cutaneous adverse drug reactions though no case report of dolutegravir-induced HFSR has been reported till date in literature. Here, we present a case of HFSR in a seropositive male on ART.

A Case of Naevoid Blaschkoid Psoriasis in a Two-Year-Old Child.

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin disorder characterised by well-demarcated erythematous plaque with micaceous scale. Naevoid Blaschkoid psoriasis is an unusual subtype that occurs along Blaschko lines. A two-year-old boy presented with erythematous scaly lesions distributed along the lines of Blaschko over the bilateral upper limb, the front of the chest, back, and the right lower limb. The lesions appeared four months ago and slowly progressed. There was no history of trauma, no skin lesions in other parts of the body, and no significant family history. Nail and mucosa were normal. Histopathology showed psoriasiform dermatitis with characteristics of psoriasis. The child was treated with topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% cream. Naevoid Blaschkoid psoriasis, in the absence of psoriatic lesion elsewhere on the body, is a rare manifestation. It has striking similarity with inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN), both clinically and histologically. Naevoid psoriasis usually presents late, is asymptomatic or mildly pruritic, progresses rapidly, and responds favourably to antipsoriatic treatment. In contrast, ILVEN presents early, is intensely pruritic, slowly progressive, and is usually refractory to antipsoriatic treatment. Histologically, ILVEN demonstrates abruptly alternating areas of hypergranulosis with orthokeratosis, and parakeratosis with agranulosis. An inflammatory infiltrate is present in the upper dermis. Psoriasis presents with papillomatosis, acanthosis, and parakeratosis with absent or minimal granular layer. Immunohistochemical staining can be done in such doubtful cases. Involucrin would be detectable in psoriasis, but it is absent in ILVEN. Pathogenesis of linear psoriasis is unknown but might be explained by the concept of genetic mosaicism. Although rare, there have been a few reported cases of linear psoriasis occurring in early childhood.

Role of Trichoscopy in Evaluation of Alopecia Areata: A Study in a Tertiary Care Referral Centre in the Eastern India.

Background: Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder affecting the hair-bearing sites of the body. Trichoscopy has recently been practiced in the diagnosis of alopecia areata. Aim: To elicit trichoscopy patterns in alopecia areata and to find out any correlation of trichoscopic findings with disease severity. Methods: Trichoscopy was done on clinically diagnosed cases of alopecia areata and on age and sex-matched controls without hair disorders by using a DL1 dermoscope (magnification: ×10). Observed dermoscopic findings were analyzed to find the correlation with disease severity. Results: In total, 87 cases and 60 controls were included in the study with the mean age for cases being 25.47 ± 14.07 years. There was male predominance of cases (51; 58.62%). Alopecia in multiple patches was the most common type (42; 48.27%), and scalp was the most common site of involvement (79; 90.8%). Yellow dots (YD), black dots (BD), broken hairs (BH), circle hair (CH), and tapering hairs (TH) or exclamation hair (EH) were found to be statistically significant findings in alopecia areata as compared to controls. Circle hair was significantly associated with total severity of alopecia areata (P = 0.041). Yellow dots had a positive correlation with the number of episodes of alopecia areata (Spearman's rho = 0.273, P = 0.0106) and mean severity of alopecia tool (SALT) score (P = 0.0130). No significant association was noted between trichoscopic findings and disease activity, family history, disease associations, or nail involvement. Conclusion: A constellation of trichoscopic findings helps in establishing the diagnosis of alopecia areata obviating the need for biopsy.

Extracorporeal Therapy in Dermatology.

Extracorporeal therapy is a treatment modality where human blood undergoes favorable technical modifications and is reintroduced into the same patient. Since the last four decades this technique has been deployed in the management of difficult and refractory disorders in dermatology. Over a period of time newer techniques like immunoadsorption has emerged and opened new vistas in management of morbid dermatoses. In extracorporeal photopheresis a patient's leukocytes are separated and treated outside with Ultra Violet A in presence of 8-methoxypsoralen. Double filtration plasmapheresis and Immunoadsorption are techniques to remove offending immune complexes. They are safe and reduce the need of toxic medications that are conventionally used in recalcitrant skin diseases. In recent years immunoadsorption is emerging as first-line therapy in condition like immunobullous diseases. High cost is one of the important factors limiting their wider use in developing countries like India. Our review discusses different extracorporeal therapies, their applications, recommendations and guidelines based on various clinical trials.

Correlation of Venous Clinical Severity Score and Venous Disability Score with Dermatology Life Quality Index in Chronic Venous Insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is an underestimated public health problem involving the lower limbs. It exerts a significant impact on patient's quality of life (QoL). The severity of the disease was measured by venous clinical severity score (VCSS) and venous disability score (VDS). AIMS: The aim of the study was to evaluate VCSS, VDS, and dermatology life quality index (DLQI) among the patients of CVI and to evaluate the correlation among DLQI with VCSS, VDS, and leg ulcer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this institution-based cross-sectional study, clinically and sonographically confirmed cases of CVI were included. Clinical severity of the disease and disability were assessed by using VCSS and VDS, respectively. QoL was assessed by a validated DLQI questionnaire. Correlation between DLQI with VCSS and VDS was analyzed. The association between DLQI with different characteristics of the ulcer was also evaluated. RESULTS: Mean VCSS, VDS, and DLQI in the study population were 11 ± 4.96, 1.47 ± 0.67, and 6.94 ± 3.87, respectively. Both VCSS and VDS had a strong positive correlation with DLQI. The number of active ulcers, size of the ulcer, and duration of the ulcer had a strong positive correlation, whereas the age of onset of the disease had a negative correlation and duration of the disease had poor correlation with DLQI. Pain (P = 0.03) and edema (P = 0.04) had significant association with VDS. CONCLUSION: VCSS and VDS are important tools for measuring severity and disability in CVI, respectively. CVI had a strong impact on patients QoL more than it was thought hitherto.

A Weeping Tumor in a Young Girl: An Unusual Presentation of Nodular Hidradenoma.

A 10-year-old girl presented with a swelling on her left thigh that was associated with dripping of serous fluid from the lesion. Based on histological features of the excised tumor, a diagnosis of nodular hidradenoma was made. Atypical features including large size of the tumor, location on the lower limb, a weeping presentation, and histological finding of a nodular hidradenoma with an unusually large cystic cavity discharging fluid prompted us to report the case.

Colocalization of Lichen Planus Hypertrophicus and Epidermal Inclusion Cyst: An Incident Unreported Hitherto.

Colocalization of diseases in dermatology has always remained elusive and a puzzle, difficult to unscramble. Co-localization of two rare and disparate dermatoses has been reported on several occasions. Lichen planus (LP) has been described to colocalize with several dermatoses. We report here a case of LP hypertrophicus co-localizing with epidermoid cysts on the scrotum of a 35-year-old man for the unusual site and association.

Granular Cell Tumor: An Uncommon Benign Neoplasm.

Granular cell tumor is a distinctly rare neoplasm of neural sheath origin. It mainly presents as a solitary asymptomatic swelling in the oral cavity, skin, and rarely internal organs in the middle age. Histopathology is characteristic, showing polyhedral cells containing numerous fine eosinophilic granules with indistinct cell margins. We present a case of granular cell tumor on the back of a 48-year-old woman which was painful, mimicking an adnexal tumor.

Secondary Syphilid Developing Over Healed Lesions of Varicella: Wolf's Isotopic Response?

Isotopic response is a distinctive phenomenon in which a new skin disorder occurs at the site of another, unrelated, and already healed skin disease. Most of the cases documented in the literature were associated with herpes zoster as primary disease while the list of "second" diseases is quite long. We report here a hitherto unreported occurrence of isotopic response in which secondary syphilis occurred on the healed lesions of varicella.

Unilateral nevoid acanthosis nigricans: Uncommon variant of a common disease.

Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a fairly common dermatosis characterized by hyperpigmented velvety plaques, having a predilection for the intertriginous areas. We herein present a case of unilateral nevoid acanthosis nigricans over the left lateral chest, in an adult male. The rarity of documentation of this entity in the world literature prompted us to report the case.

Safety and effectiveness of autoinoculation therapy in cutaneous warts: a double--blind, randomized, placebo--controlled study.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the availability of multiple treatment options, viral warts are known for their persistence and recurrence, causing frustration to patients and treating physicians. AIMS: To study the effectiveness and safety of autoinoculation as a treatment modality in cutaneous warts. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out. In the treatment group, full-thickness warty tissue was excised, minced and implanted in a small dermal pocket. In the control group, warty tissue was only excised and not implanted, though a dermal pocket was made. Patients were evaluated every four weeks with lesion counts. The procedure was repeated at 4 and 8 weeks. Response was assessed at each visit and at 12 weeks. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients with cutaneous warts (male: female=32:16) were randomized into autoinoculation and control groups. The number of warts at baseline was comparable in both groups (P=0.293). Reduction in the number of warts was significantly more in the autoinoculation group (8.50±13.88) than in the control group (10.04±5.80) from 8 weeks onwards (P=0.010). Complete resolution occurred only in the autoinoculation group, in 62.5% of cases. Adverse effects were seen in 11 patients, including infection of the donor site (5 cases), keloid formation (3) and hypopigmentation (3). CONCLUSION: Autoinoculation may be an effective therapeutic modality for cutaneous warts and two sessions may be required for optimum results.

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum and nephrocalcinosis: Incidental finding or an infrequent manifestation?

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an inherited disorder characterized by generalized fragmentation and progressive calcification of elastic tissue. We report two sporadic cases of PXE, both of whom presented with asymptomatic yellowish papules over the flexural sites for cosmetic reasons. Histopathological findings on hematoxylin and eosin and Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) staining were classical of PXE. In addition to this, renal calcification was documented on plain radiography of kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) in both the cases. Paucity of literature describing the association of nephrocalcinosis with PXE prompted the present report.