Bacterial profile, drug resistance pattern, clinical and laboratory predictors of ascites infection in cirrhosis patients.

Ascites is a pathological collection of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis, an advanced liver disease. Bacterial infection increases the mortality rate of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis, irrespective of the severity of the liver disease. Around 60% of patients with compensated cirrhosis developed ascites within 10 years during the course of their disease. The in-hospital mortality rate due to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) could exceed 90%, but with early diagnosis and prompt antibiotic therapy, this rate has been shown to decrease to 20%. Here, we enrolled adult (age ≥ 18) patients with liver disease with evidence of cirrhosis who developed ascites and assessed the presence of spontaneous ascites fluid infection (SAFI) in these patients. Of the total 218 patients, 22.9% (50/218) develop ascites infection. The liver organ function tests like alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher in patients with ascites fluid infection compared to patients with non-ascites fluid infection. Of the gram-negative bacteria, K. pneumonia and E. coli were isolated and found to be 100% resistant to amoxicillin and clavulanate. From the gram-positive bacterial isolates, S. aureus was only resistant to penicillin, whereas Str. viridans was resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime, and penicillin. On the other hand, clinical features such as a history of jaundice, low arterial blood pressure, and ultrasound results such as a shrunken liver and enlarged spleen were also independent predictors of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In conclusion, given the high probability of death following SAFI, early detection, and treatment, as well as knowledge of the microbial agent, resistance profile, and predictive markers in various contexts, are essential for the timely diagnosis and management of SAFI in these patients.

Phenotypic Drug Resistance Pattern and Mutation Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Different Body Fluids Among Extra Pulmonary Patients Presented in Selected Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Background: Drug resistance in tuberculosis poses challenges to both the control and prevention of the disease. The extent of resistance is not well known in developing countries, including Ethiopia. This study was conducted to determine the drug resistance patterns and mutation characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among extra pulmonary tuberculosis patients in selected health facilities in Addis Ababa. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2022 to August 2022 in selected hospitals in Addis Ababa. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaire. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates were tested for phenotypic drug susceptibility patterns using the Mycobacterium growth indicator tube (MGIT) method for first-line drugs and mutation characteristics using the Line Probe Assay (LPA) method. The data were analyzed using: SPSS version 23, and a P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: From a total of 308 patient samples from presumptive extra pulmonary patients, 44 (14.3%) were positive for MTBC. Any drug resistance was discovered in 25% of 44 MTBC isolates evaluated for five first-line drugs phenotypically, with isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA) resistance accounting for a greater proportion with 13.6% and 11.4% of the isolates, respectively. Two (4.5%) of the isolates were MDR-TB. Out of 44 isolates tested using the Geno Type MTBDRplus assay, 5 (11.4%) showed mutations at katG and 2 (4.5%) showed mutations in the rpoB genes. Conclusion: Both the phenotypic and genotypic drug susceptibility test results showed a high proportion of INH resistance. All INH resistance-conferring mutations were identified from katG gene. The overall prevalence of MDR-TB was also high. For early case detection and treatment, expanding diagnostic capacity for first-line DST is a vital step to limit further spread of drug resistant TB strains in the study area.

Epidemiology and Multidrug Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanni Isolated from Clinical Samples in Ethiopia.

Background: A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa are important nosocomial pathogens in health-care settings. Both are intrinsically resistant to many drugs and are able to become resistant to the virtually most antimicrobial agents. An increasing prevalence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant isolates has been reported in many countries. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional five-year retrospective study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial resistance trend of P. aeruginosa and A. baumani. 893 A. baumani and 729 P. aeruginosa isolates were included in the study. Conventional method was used for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method. The isolates were from suspected bloodstream infections, wound infections, urinary tract, or surgical site nosocomial infections. Socio-demographic and other variables of interest were collected using a structured check list from a patient record data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 1622 A. baumanii and P. aeruginosa were isolated from various clinical specimens recorded from the year 2017-2021. Out of which A. baumanni was 893 (60.6%) and P. aeruginosa was 729 (39.4%). Blood was the major source of the isolates (18.3%), followed by urine (16%), and tracheal aspirate (10.6%). Antimicrobial resistance among A. baumanni over the five years were; ampicillin (86% to 92%), ceftriaxone (66.7% to 82.2%), and ciprofloxacin (58.5% to 66.7%). In P. aeruginosa a significant increase in resistance was seen from 2017 to 2021 to Amoxicillin-clavulanate (74.1% to 84.2%), chloramphenicol (62% to 81.9%), and gentamicin (40% to 44.8%). Conclusion: A five-year antimicrobial resistance trend analysis of A. baumanni and P. aeruginosa showed increasing multi drug resistance and resistance to highly potent antimicrobial agents in Ethiopia. It should be addressed with infection control measures, surveillance, and alternative new therapeutic strategies to circumvent the spread of multi-drug resistance.

Magnitude of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, drug resistance and associated factors among presumptive tuberculosis patients at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) remains one of the most significant causes of death and a major public health problem in the community. As a result, the aim of this study was to determine magnitude of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, its drug resistance, and associated factors among presumptive tuberculosis (TB) patients at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was conducted at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from January to July 2019. Demographic and clinical data were collected by structured questionnaire through face to face interview. Using microscopic examination and GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay and culturing in the Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture media, we collected and analyzed both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary clinical samples. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 23. Binary logistic regression was done to identify the associated risk factors and p-value less than 0.05 was taken as significant association. RESULTS: Of the total 436 respondents, 223(51%) were male. The mean ±SD age of the participants was 38±17years. Overall, 27/436(6.2%) of the participants had confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis using the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay and LJ culture media, and two isolates were resistant to RIF and one to INH medication, with two (0.5%) being MDR-TB. MTB infection was associated with previous TB contact history, patient weight loss, and CD4+ T-cell counts of 200-350/mm3 of blood. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of M. tuberculosis and MDR-TB in this study underscores the need for improved early case detection and management of MDR-TB in order to reduce transmission and patient suffering.

Prevalence and risk factors for antimicrobial resistance among newborns with gram-negative sepsis.

INTRODUCTION: Newborn sepsis accounts for more than a third of neonatal deaths globally and one in five neonatal deaths in Ethiopia. The first-line treatment recommended by WHO is the combination of gentamicin with ampicillin or benzylpenicillin. Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are increasingly resistant to previously effective antibiotics. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to estimate the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteremia and identify risk factors for antibiotic resistance, among newborns with GNB sepsis. METHODS: At a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia, we enrolled a cohort pregnant women and their newborns, between March and December 2017. Newborns who were followed up until 60 days of life for clinical signs of sepsis. Among the newborns with clinical signs of sepsis, blood samples were cultured; bacterial species were identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. We described the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, identified newborn, maternal, and environmental factors associated with multidrug resistance (MDR), and combined resistance to ampicillin and gentamicin (AmpGen), using multivariable regression. RESULTS: Of the 119 newborns with gram-negative bacteremia, 80 (67%) were born preterm and 82 (70%) had early-onset sepsis. The most prevalent gram-negative species were Klebsiella pneumoniae 94 (79%) followed by Escherichia coli 10 (8%). Ampicillin resistance was found in 113 cases (95%), cefotaxime 104 (87%), gentamicin 101 (85%), AmpGen 101 (85%), piperacillin-tazobactam 47 (39%), amikacin 10 (8.4%), and Imipenem 1 (0.8%). Prevalence of MDR was 88% (n = 105). Low birthweight and late-onset sepsis (LOS) were associated with higher risks of AmpGen-resistant infections. All-cause mortality was higher among newborns treated with ineffective antibiotics. CONCLUSION: There was significant resistance to current first-line antibiotics and cephalosporins. Additional data are needed from primary care and community settings. Amikacin and piperacillin-tazobactam had lower rates of resistance; however, context-specific assessments of their potential adverse effects, their local availability, and cost-effectiveness would be necessary before selecting a new first-line regimen to help guide clinical decision-making.

High rate of intestinal parasites among a closed community of Zay populations residing on three islands of Lake Ziway, Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Several factors including socio-economic and access to health facility influence burden of intestinal parasites. Epidemiological data from hard to reach areas will help to identify high-risk communities for targeted intervention. We, therefore, assessed the magnitude of intestinal parasites among Zay people residing in three islands of Lake Ziway in Ethiopia. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in March 2013 on 444 individuals aged 6 months to 85 years. Stool samples were analyzed using wet mount and formol-ether concentration methods. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using STATA version 10. RESULTS: Among the study participants, 52% (321/444) were children under 15 years. While 72.8% were positive for at least one intestinal parasite, single, dual and triple infections were found in 42.1%, 23.9% and 6.3%, respectively. Four types of intestinal parasites were detected in two children. The commonest parasites were Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (51.4%), Schistosoma mansoni (17.8%), Giardia lamblia (14.4%), Trichuris trichiura (10.8%), Taenia species (5.6%), Hymenolopis nana (4.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides (4.1%), Entrobius vermicularis (0.9%), Hookworm (0.7%), and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). Remarkable proportion of study participants (51.3%) had no latrine and >85% of the islanders use the lake water for drinking, cleaning or both. About 36% had no information about waterborne and related diseases, while 31% never heard about bilharziasis. Fishing and farming were the main source of income. In the multivariate model, being in the age group > 15 years (AOR = 0.49; 95%CI = 0.28-0.85) and not using lake water for drinking or washing (AOR = 0.52; 95%CI = 0.28-0.99) had protective effect, after adjusting for education, occupation and hand wash after latrine use. CONCLUSION: The observed high rate of intestinal parasites (72.8%) in these hard to reach Islanders of Lake Ziway, warrants targeted and sustainable intervention.