The relationship between workplace violence, emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction and turnover intention among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: Workplace violence is a major issue in society, business and healthcare settings. It adversely affects both employee safety and their ability to provide healthcare services. Aim: This study examined the association between workplace violence, emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction and turnover intention among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We collected data from 513 nurses. We conducted 'Process Macro' analysis. Firstly, we included three mediators in the model: job satisfaction, workplace violence and emotional exhaustion. Secondly, we used work hours and anxiety as moderators of the relationship between workplace violence and turnover intention. Results: The findings revealed statistical significance that job satisfaction and workplace violence mediated the relationship between emotional exhaustion and nurse turnover intentions. Work hours and anxiety also moderated the relationship between workplace violence and nurses' turnover intention. Conclusion: Respondents indicated that they were most affected by verbal violence during this time. Workplace violence is a negative factor that affects nurses' work, affecting them physically and psychologically. This occupational risk should be considered when evaluating nurses exposed to violence, as it affects job satisfaction and turnover intentions. The main theoretical contribution of this research is the identification of the association between workplace violence, emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction and turnover intention among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is clear that the research findings will be useful for healthcare professionals. The findings may have practical implications for healthcare administrators and their staff.

Negative effect of immediate hyperbaric oxygen therapy in acute acoustic trauma.

OBJECTIVE: The functional evaluation of the effect of the hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) onset time on cochlea by using distortion product otoacoustic emission. STUDY DESIGN: Animal study. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups and their right ears were directly exposed to a 110-dB sound pressure level (1-12 kHz) white noise for 25 minutes. The first group was considered the control group. HBOT was started at 1 hour postexposure for the second group, at 2 hours postexposure for the third group, at 6 hours postexposure for the fourth group, at 24 hours postexposure for the fifth group, and at 48 hours postexposure for the sixth group. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were recorded before the noise exposure; immediately after the noise exposure; and on the 3rd, 7th, and 10th day of postexposure. RESULTS: SNRs at 6 to 8 kHz were significantly decreased after the acoustic trauma. The evaluation on the third day of postexposure showed that recovery begun in all groups except the group in which the HBOT was started at 1 hour postexposure. SNRs in the control group and HBOT groups were back to the preexposure levels at 10 days postexposure, except the 1- and 2-hour postexposure groups. However, in the group in which the HBOT was started at 1 hour postexposure, distortion product otoacoustic emissions were lost except at 4 kHz. The recovery of the SNRs in hyperbaric oxygen administration at 2 hours postexposure almost completed on the 10th day after noise exposure. CONCLUSION: Immediate HBOT in acoustic trauma treatment is not necessary; on the contrary, it has an adverse effect.