ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The incidence of and mortality from colorectal cancers (CRC) can be reduced by early detection. Currently there is a lack of established markers to detect early neoplastic changes. We aimed to identify the copy number variations (CNVs) and the associated genes which could be potential markers for the detection of neoplasia in both ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia (UC-CRN) and sporadic colorectal neoplasia (S-CRN). METHODS: We employed array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) to identify CNVs in tissue samples of UC nonprogressor, progressor and sporadic CRC. Select genes within these CNV regions as a panel of markers were validated using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) method along with the microsatellite instability (MSI) in an independent cohort of samples. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Integrated analysis showed 10 overlapping CNV regions between UC-Progressor and S-CRN, with the 8q and 12p regions showing greater overlap. The qRT-PCR based panel of MYC, MYCN, CCND1, CCND2, EGFR and FNDC3A was successful in detecting neoplasia with an overall accuracy of 54% in S-CRN compared to that of 29% in UC neoplastic samples. IHC study showed that p53 and CCND1 were significantly overexpressed with an increasing frequency from pre-neoplastic to neoplastic stages. EGFR and AMACR were expressed only in the neoplastic conditions. CONCLUSION: CNVs that are common and unique to both UC-associated and sporadic colorectal neoplasm could be the key players driving carcinogenesis. Comparative analysis of CNVs provides testable driver aberrations but needs further evaluation in larger cohorts of samples. These markers may help in developing more effective neoplasia-detection strategies during screening and surveillance programs.
Subject(s)
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics , Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics , Comparative Genomic Hybridization , DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Colitis, Ulcerative/complications , Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology , Colorectal Neoplasms/complications , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Cyclin D1/genetics , Cyclin D2/genetics , ErbB Receptors/genetics , Female , Fibronectins/genetics , Humans , Male , Microsatellite Instability , Middle Aged , N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/geneticsABSTRACT
Cryptococcus neoformans has been recognized as a human pathogen over centuries. This has achieved new prominence in the recent years as it is an opportunistic fungi causing fatal, deep mycotic infections in immunocompromised states. Although cryptococcus is principally a pathogen of central nervous system, wide variety of other organs may also be involved. Gastrointestinal cryptococcosis is rarely reported either as an isolated finding or in a disseminated disease. However, even with the strikingly increased incidence of the disease, occurrence of obvious gastrointestinal symptoms directly attributable to cryptococcosis is outstandingly rare. We report a case of gastric cryptococcal infection with esophageal herpes as an initial presentation in an AIDS patient.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections , Diagnosis , Microbiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Diagnosis , Cryptococcosis , Diagnosis , Microbiology , Cryptococcus neoformans , Gastric Mucosa , Pathology , Histocytochemistry , Immunocompromised Host , Microscopy , Stomach Diseases , Diagnosis , MicrobiologyABSTRACT
After a disease-free period of 10 years, a surgically treated case of cutaneous malignant melanoma is usually not followed up further and there is a tendency to assume that the disease is cured. Late recurrence (after 10 years) of cutaneous malignant melanoma, though infrequent, has been documented well in Western countries. In our country, the malignant melanoma is still considered uncommon and there is no data regarding its late recurrence. We report a case of pulmonary malignant melanoma as a late metastatic manifestation of primary plantar malignant melanoma in a 61-year-old man who presented with hemoptysis; metastatic malignant melanoma of the lung occurred 12 years after resection of primary malignant melanoma of sole of the right foot.
