Contemporary Context of Drug-Eluting Stents in Brazil: A Cost Utility Study.

BACKGROUND: Although drug-eluting stents (DES) have been widely incorporated into clinical practice in developed countries, several countries restrict their use mainly because of their high cost and unfavorable incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of DES in comparison with bare-metal stents (BMS) for treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). DESIGN: Markov model. DATA SOURCES: Published literature, government database, and CAD patient cohort. TARGET POPULATION: Single-vessel CAD patients. TIME HORIZON: One year and lifetime. PERSPECTIVE: Brazilian Public Health System (SUS). INTERVENTION: Six strategies composed of percutaneous intervention with a BMS or 1 of 5 DES (paclitaxel, sirolimus, everolimus, zotarolimus, and zotarolimus resolute). OUTCOME MEASURES: Cost for target vessel revascularization avoided and cost for quality-adjusted life year gained. BASE CASE ANALYSIS: In the short-term analysis, sirolimus was the most effective and least costly among DES (ICER of I$20,642 per target vessel revascularization avoided), with all others DES dominated by sirolimus. Lifetime cumulative costs ranged from I$18,765 to I$21,400. In the base case analysis, zotarolimus resolute had the most favorable ICER among the DES (ICER I$62,761), with sirolimus, paclitaxel, and zotarolimus being absolute dominated and everolimus extended dominated by zotarolimus resolute, although all the results were above the willingness-to-pay threshold of 3 times the gross domestic product per capita (I$35,307). SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: In deterministic sensitivity analysis, results were sensitive to cost of DES, number of stents used per patient, baseline probability, and duration of stent thrombosis risk. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated a probability of 81% for BMS being the strategy of choice, with 9% for everolimus and 9% zotarolimus resolute, at the willingness-to-pay threshold. CONCLUSION: DES is not a good value for money in SUS perspective, despite its benefit in reducing target vessel revascularization. Since the cost-effectiveness of DES is mainly driven by the stents' cost difference, they should cost less than twice the BMS price to become a cost-effective alternative.

Cost-Effectiveness of Routine Screening for Cardiac Toxicity in Patients Treated with Imatinib in Brazil.

We performed a cost-effectiveness study of different strategies of screening for cardiotoxicity in patients receiving imatinib, the first strategy based on yearly echocardiograms in all patients and the second strategy based on yearly B-type natriuretic peptide level measurement, reserving echocardiograms for patients with an abnormal test result. Results are presented in terms of additional cost per diagnosis as compared with not performing any screening. From the Brazilian private sector's perspective, strategies 1 and 2 resulted in additional costs of US $30,951.53 and US $19,925.64 per diagnosis of cardiotoxicity, respectively. From the perspective of the Brazilian public health system, the same strategies generated additional costs of US $7,668.00 and US $20,232.87 per diagnosis, respectively. In our study, systematic screening for cardiotoxicity in patients using imatinib has a high cost per diagnosis. If screening is to be adopted, a strategy based on B-type natriuretic peptide level measurement, reserving echocardiography for patients with abnormal results, results in lower costs per diagnosis in the private sector. From the public health system's perspective, costs per diagnosis will greatly depend on the reimbursement values adopted for B-type natriuretic peptide level measurement.