[Independent multiple primary tumors and second primary neoplasms. Relationship between smoking]. / Tumores primarios múltiples independientes y segundas neoplasias primarias. Relación con el hábito de fumar.

Multiple primary tumors and second primary neoplasms have been increasing in incidence in recent decades and are reviewed in this paper. The reasons attributed to this significant increase are fundamentalment the best diagnosis of multiple concurrent cases and increased overall survival of patients diagnosed with cancer, allowing surface new primary tumors in other organs during or after standard monitoring. At the same time are invoked as possible causes of the widespread use of radio and chemotherapy for the first tumor. The genitourinary system is frequently involved in cases of multiple neoplasms; urological organs are one of the few settlement sites of primary tumors in almost a quarter of cases. This suggests a susceptibility/genitourinary system increased target for neoplastic disease. For this same reason, the urologist has a fundamental role in managing these patients and especially to follow up. We believe that the concept of clinical monitoring of this subset of patients should be revised, and should entail a screening of the most common second primary neoplasms since the risk of developing a subsequent independent cancer after presenting a urothelial tumor is considerably increased.

Tumores primarios múltiples independientes y segundas neoplasias primarias. Relación con el hábito de fumar / Independent multiple primary tumors and second primary neoplasms. Relationship between smoking

Los tumores primarios múltiples, así como las segundas neoplasias primarias, han experimentado un aumento de la incidencia en estas últimas décadas y son objeto de revisión en este trabajo. Los motivos que se atribuyen a este aumento significativo son fundamentalmente el mejor diagnóstico de los casos múltiples concomitantes y la mayor supervivencia en general de los pacientes diagnosticados de cáncer, lo que permite que afloren nuevos tumores primarios en otros órganos durante o después del seguimiento estándar. Al mismo tiempo, se invocan como posibles causas el extenso uso de radioterapia y quimioterapia para el primer tumor. El sistema genitourinario está muy frecuentemente implicado en los casos de neoplasias múltiples; los órganos urológicos son uno de los sitios de asentamiento de algunos de los tumores primarios en casi una cuarta parte de los casos. Esto sugiere una susceptibilidad/diana incrementada del sistema genitourinario para la enfermedad neoplásica. Y, por esta misma razón, el urólogo tiene una responsabilidad esencial en el manejo de estos pacientes y de manera especial durante el seguimiento. Creemos que el concepto de seguimiento clínico de este subgrupo de pacientes debe ser revisado y debe comportar un cribaje de las más frecuentes segundas neoplasias primarias, ya que el riesgo de desarrollar un cáncer independiente subsiguiente después de presentar un tumor urotelial está considerablemente incrementado (AU)

Multiple primary tumors and second primary neoplasms have been increasing in incidence in recent decades and are reviewed in this paper. The reasons attributed to this significant increase are fundamentalment the best diagnosis of multiple concurrent cases and increased overall survival of patients diagnosed with cancer, allowing surface new primary tumors in other organs during or after standard monitoring. At the same time are invoked as possible causes of the widespread use of radio and chemotherapy for the first tumor. The genitourinary system is frequently involved in cases of multiple neoplasms; urological organs are one of the few settlement sites of primary tumors in almost a quarter of cases. This suggests a susceptibility/genitourinary system increased target for neoplastic disease. For this same reason, the urologist has a fundamental role in managing these patients and especially to follow up. We believe that the concept of clinical monitoring of this subset of patients should be revised, and should entail a screening of the most common second primary neoplasms since the risk of developing a subsequent independent cancer after presenting a urothelial tumor is considerably increased (AU)

Tratamiento multimodal: nuevo horizonte en Urología Oncológica. Ocaso de la praxis y concepto de monoterapia / Combine modality treatment: a new horizon in oncological urology. Praxis and monotherapy concept decline

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Nefrourecterectomía simplificada y oncologicamente segura: combinación con sección-ligadura ureteral percutánea / Oncologically safe simplified nephroureterectomy: combination with percutaneous ureteral the ligation-section

Objetivo: Proponemos una modificación de la nefroureterectomía abierta. Método: Mediante una sola incisión (lumbotomía) se efectua una ligadura-sección percutánea del uréter terminal finamente disecado. Resultados/Conclusiones: Ofrece una mejor calidad de vida en el postoperatorio inmediato, acorta el tiempo quirúrgico, y esta lumbotomía tiene la ventaja de ser oncológicamente segura, evitando una doble cirugía (AU)

Objectives: We propose a modification to open nephroureterectomy. Methods: By a single incision (lumbar incision) a percutaneous ligation-section of the finely dissected terminal ureter is performed. Results/Conclusions: This technique offers a better quality of life in the immediate postoperative period, shortens the surgical time, and it has the advantage of being oncologically safe, avoiding a double surgery (AU)

[Localization of sentinel node in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Initial experience]. / Localización del ganglio centinela en el carcinoma escamoso de pene. Experiencia inicial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of radioguided sentinel node biopsy in squamous cell penile carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen patients were studied. The first 5 patients were included in a group for validation of the technique, in which a standard inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed after the procedures described below. The remaining 10 patients were included in the technique application group. The day before surgery, lymphoscintigraphy was performed on all patients. During the operation, radioguided biopsy to locate the sentinel node was done. Methylene blue dye was injected shortly before surgery in 10 patients. All patients were followed for an average of 32 months. RESULTS: In the validation group, lymphoscintigraphy revealed inguinal drainage in 5/5 patients. Unilateral metastases were detected in 3/5 patients. No metastatic nodes were detected among the nodes removed during inguinal lymphadenectomy. In the application group, lymphoscintigraphy showed inguinal drainage in 9/10 patients. Nineteen nodes were removed, none of which showed tumour involvement. During the follow-up period, no disease progression or recurrence were observed in either patient group. CONCLUSIONS: Radioguided localization and biopsy of the sentinel nodes can avoid unnecessary lymphadenectomies in patients with squamous cell penile carcinoma and high or intermediate risk of lymph node involvement. This technique shows high reliability and negative predictive value in penile carcinoma.

Localización del ganglio centinela en el carcinoma escamoso de pene. Experiencia inicial / Localization of sentinel node in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Initial experience

Objetivo. Valorar la validez de la técnica de biopsia radioguiada del ganglio centinela (GC) en el carcinoma escamoso de pene. Material y métodos. Se han estudiado un total de 15 pacientes con carcinoma escamoso de pene. Los 5 primeros pacientes constituyeron un grupo de validación de la técnica al cual se le realizó linfadenectomía inguinal reglada, tras los procedimientos descritos a continuación. Los 10 pacientes restantes constituyeron el grupo de aplicación de la técnica. El día previo a la cirugía se realizó linfogammagrafía a todos los pacientes, y durante el acto quirúrgico se procedió a la biopsia radioguiada de los GC. En 10 de los pacientes se realizó inyección de azul de metileno antes de la intervención. Se ha realizado un seguimiento de los pacientes durante una media de 32 meses. Resultados. En el grupo de validación la linfogammagrafía mostró drenaje inguinal en 5/5 pacientes. Fueron detectadas metástasis unilaterales en 3 de ellos. No mostró infiltración tumoral ninguno de los ganglios linfáticos extirpados en la linfadenectomía. En el grupo de aplicación, la linfogammagrafía mostró drenaje inguinal en 9/10 pacientes. Se extirparon un total de 19 GC, sin detectarse infiltración tumoral en ninguno de ellos. En el seguimiento no se ha detectado progresión de la enfermedad en ningún paciente. Conclusiones. La localización del GC mediante biopsia radioguiada del mismo permite evitar linfadenectomías innecesarias en pacientes con carcinoma escamoso de pene y riesgo intermedio o alto de presentar afectación ganglionar. La técnica ofrece una elevada fiabilidad y valor predictivo negativo en el carcinoma escamoso de pene

Objective. To assess the validity of radioguided sentinel node biopsy in squamous cell penile carcinoma. Material and methods. Fifteen patients were studied. The first 5 patients were included in a group for validation of the technique, in which a standard inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed after the procedures described below. The remaining 10 patients were included in the technique application group. The day before surgery, lymphoscintigraphy was performed on all patients. During the operation, radioguided biopsy to locate the sentinel node was done. Methylene blue dye was injected shortly before surgery in 10 patients. All patients were followed for an average of 32 months. Results. In the validation group, lymphoscintigraphy revealed inguinal drainage in 5/5 patients. Unilateral metastases were detected in 3/5 patients. No metastatic nodes were detected among the nodes removed during inguinal lymphadenectomy. In the application group, lymphoscintigraphy showed inguinal drainage in 9/10 patients. Nineteen nodes were removed, none of which showed tumour involvement. During the follow-up period, no disease progression or recurrence were observed in either patient group. Conclusions. Radioguided localization and biopsy of the sentinel nodes can avoid unnecessary lymphadenectomies in patients with squamous cell penile carcinoma and high or intermediate risk of lymph node involvement. This technique shows high reliability and negative predictive value in penile carcinoma

Expresión inmunohistoquímica de p53, p21, p16 y Ciclina D1 en el cáncer de vejiga superficial. Estudio en un soporte de tissue microarray / Immunohistochemical expression of P53, P21, P16, and cyclin D1 in superficial Bladder cancer. A tissue microarray study

Introducción y objetivos: Evaluar, de forma retrospectiva, la relación entre la expresión inmunohistoquímica de p53, p21, p16 y ciclina D1, con la recurrencia, progresión tumoral y supervivencia en los carcinomas vesicales superficiales. Métodos: 163 pacientes sometidos a resección transuretral de tumor vesical superficial entre febrero de 1995 y marzo de 2004. Las muestras tumorales evaluadas estaban contenidas en un soporte de tissue microarray, al que se le realizaron varias secciones consecutivas para tinción inmunohistoquímica. La asociación del grado y estadio tumoral con los marcadores se valoró según el test de Chi-cuadrado y para valorar la relación con la recurrencia, progresión y supervivencia se utilizaron las curvas de Kaplan-Meier y se compararon con el log-rank test. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la expresión de los marcadores según el grado y estadio tumoral a excepción de la Ciclina D1, que sí mostraba diferencias significativas según el estadio tumoral (p=0,030). La expresión de p21 se relacionó con la recurrencia tumoral (p=0,035), progresión (p=0,008) y supervivencia (p=0,034). La expresión de p16 también se relacionó con la recurrencia (p=0,048) y supervivencia (p=0,047), pero no con la progresión tumoral (p=0,116). La expresión de p53 y ciclina D1 no mostraron asociación estadísticamente significativa con la recurrencia y progresión tumoral ni con la supervivencia. Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia, sólo los marcadores p16 y p21 pueden ser útiles en el manejo de los tumores vesicales superficiales por ser predictores de recurrencia y supervivencia en pacientes con estadios Ta y T1

Introduction and objectives: To retrospectively assess the relationship between immunohistochemical expression of p53, p21, p16, and cyclin D1, with recurrence, progression and survival in superficial bladder cancer. Methods: 163 patients undergoing transurethral resection for superficial bladder cancer between February 1995 and March 2004. Tumor samples were included in a tissue microarray support that was serially sectioned for immunohistochemical staining. Grade and stage associations for each marker were evaluated by the Chi-square test. Assessment of the relationship with recurrence, progression, and survival Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test were used. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in marker expression depending on tumor grade and stage, with the exception of Cyclin D1, that was significantly different depending on tumor stage (p=0.030). p21 expression was related to tumor recurrence (p=0.035), progression (p=0.008) and survival (p=0.034). p16 expression was also related to recurrence (p=0.048) and survival (p=0.047), but not to tumor progression (p=0.116). p53 and Cyclin D1 were not statistically associated with tumor recurrence, progression or survival. Conclusions: In our experience, only p16 and p21 may be useful in the management of superficial bladder tumors, as they are predictors of recurrence and survival in Ta and T1 patients

[Development of tissue microarray technology (TMA) for immunohistochemical study of molecular expression profiling in prostate cancer (part 1)]. / Desarrollo de un microarray tisular (TMA) para el estudio inmunohistoquímico del patrón de expresión molecular en el cáncer de próstata (parte 1).

Tissue microarray technology (TMA) is nowadays considered as a powerful tool for the high-throughput analysis of molecular expression pattern of cancer. In this manuscript we show the experience of both groups in the design and building of a TMA for the study of protein expression pattern of prostatecancer as well as a summary of the technical points to analyze the results obtained with this technology. Today, different data generated by the immunostained tissues are studied to achieve a molecular profile in different clinical scenarios.

Desarrollo de un microarray tisular (TMA) para el estudio inmunohistoquímico del patrón de expresión molecular en el cáncer de próstata (Parte 1) / Development of tissue microarray technology (TMA) for immunohistochemical study of molecular expression profiling in prostate cancer (Part 1)

El microarray tisular (TMA) es considerado hoy en día una potente herramienta para el análisis masivo del perfil molecular del cáncer. En este trabajo describimos la experiencia de ambos centros en el diseño y creación de un TMA para el estudio de la expresión molecular del cáncer de próstata así como una revisión de los diferentes aspectos técnicos necesarios para el análisis de los resultados obtenidos con esta técnica. En la actualidad, se están estudiando los datos generados por las distintas técnicas inmunohistoquímicas para la obtención de un patrón molecular en diferentes estadios clínicos

Tissue microarray technology (TMA) is nowadays considered as a powerful tool for the high-throughput analysis of molecular expression pattern of cancer. In this manuscript we show the experience of both groups in the design and building of a TMA for the study of protein expression pattern of prostate cancer as well as a summary of the technical points to analyze the results obtained with this technology. Today, different data generated by the immunostained tissues are studied to achieve a molecular profile in different clinical scenarios

[Antibiotic resistance transformation in community-acquired urinary infections]. / Evolución de la resistencia antibiótica en las infecciones urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad.

OBJECTIVE: To detect the prevalence of uropathogens in community-acquired urinary tract infection in our environment, and the degree of sensitivity to antibiotics used as empirical treatment. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective longitudinal study on 16,392 consecutive urine cultures collected in the emergency department of Hospital del Mar, between January 1997 and December 2001. Resistance rates were compared through variance analysis. RESULTS: 8,743 urine cultures with significant count were obtained. 6,062 Escherichia coli (69.3%), 517 Proteus mirabilis (5.9%) and 390 Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.5%) were identified. Escherichia coli showed progressive growth rate and significant resistances to most of antibiotics evaluated, especially to quinolones which came close to 30%. Fosfomycin showed the least resistance rate (0.9%) and remained stable along the years studied. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that higher rate of resistance to quinolones does not advise its use as empirical in community-acquired urinary tract infection treatment in our environment. According to our experience, fosfomycin can be an excellent option for cystitis treatment in patients without risk factors, while for the treatment of parenchymatous urinary tract infection, complicated urinary tract infections, and urinary tract infections associated to risk factors, preference could be second or third generation oral cephalosporins, or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.

Evolución de la resistencia antibiótica en las infecciones urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad / Antibiotic resistance transformation in community-acquired urinary infections

Objetivo. Conocer la prevalencia de uropatógenos en la infección del tracto urinario comunitaria en nuestro medio y la sensibilidad a los antibióticos utilizados en el tratamiento empírico. Pacientes y método. Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo de 16.392 urinocultivos consecutivos recogidos en el servicio de Urgencias del Hospital del Mar desde enero de 1997 hasta diciembre de 2001. Las tasas de resistencia fueron comparadas mediante el análisis de la varianza. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 8.743 urinocultivos con recuento significativo. Se identificaron 6.062 Escherichia coli (69,3%), 517 Proteus mirabilis (5,9%) y 390 Klebsiella pneumoniae (4,5%). Escherichia coli mostró una tasa de resistencias creciente y significativa en la mayoría de los antibióticos testados, siendo especialmente importante en las quinolonas, en las que se aproximó al 30%. La fosfomicina presentó la menor tasa de resistencia (0,9%) y permaneció estable a lo largo de los años estudiados. Conclusiones. Estos resultados sugieren que la elevada tasa de resistencias para las quinolonas no aconseja su empleo como tratamiento empírico de la infección del tracto urinario comunitaria en nuestro medio. Según nuestra experiencia, la fosfomicina puede ser una excelente opción para el tratamiento de las cistitis de pacientes sin factores de riesgo, mientras que en el tratamiento de las infecciones del tracto urinario parenquimatosas, de las complicadas o de las que asocian factores de riesgo, la elección podría ser las cefalosporinas orales de segunda o tercera generación o la amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico

Objective. To detect the prevalence of uropathogens in community-adquired urinary tract infection in our environment, and the degree of sensitivity to antibiotics used as empirical treatment. Patients and method. Retrospective longitudinal study on 16,392 consecutive urine cultures collected in the emergency department of Hospital del Mar, between January 1997 and December 2001. Resistance rates were compared through variance analysis. Results. 8,743 urine cultures with significant count were obtained. 6,062 Escherichia coli (69.3%), 517 Proteus mirabilis (5.9%) and 390 Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.5%) were identified. Escherechia coli showed progressive growth rate and significant resistances to most of antibiotics evaluated, especially to quinolones which came close to 30%. Fosfomycin showed the least resistance rate (0.9%) and remained stable along the years studied. Conclusions. These results suggest that higher rate of resistance to quinolones does not advise its use as empirical in community-acquired urinary tract infection treatment in our environment. According to our experience, fosfomycin can be an excellent option for cystitis treatment in patients without risk factors, while for the treatment of parenchymatous urinary tract infection, complicated urinary tract infections, and urinary tract infections associated to risk factors, preference could be second or third generation oral cephalosporins, or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid

Resultados y complicaciones de la técnica TVT en el tratamiento de la incontinencia de esfuerzo femenina / Results and complications of TVT procedure for surgical treatment of female stress incontinence

Objetivos: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la cinta vaginal sin tensión (TVT) en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo femenina (IUE).Analizar los resultados a medio plazo de la asociación de la TVT con la corrección quirúrgica de prolapsos genitales. Pacientes y método: Se estudian 100 pacientes con IUE intervenidas de forma consecutiva en nuestro centro bajo anestesia regional. A todas ellas se les implantó la TVT y en 24 casos además, se corrigió un cistocele grado II-III. Fue necesario en 3de estas 24 pacientes reparar un rectocele y se practicaron 4 histerectomías vaginales en el mismo acto quirúrgico. Resultados: La edad media de las mujeres fue de 49,3 años (35-78), el número promedio de partos de 2 (0-6), la duración media de la intervención de 38 minutos (20-50) y todas las pacientes a las que se colocó la TVT sin otras correcciones quirúrgicas obtuvieron el alta hospitalaria a las 24 horas de la intervención. Tan sólo una paciente precisó de sonda varios días por retención urinaria. El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 18 meses (12-48) y la IUE se solucionó en el 95% de los casos. Como complicación más frecuente observamos la aparición de hiperactividad detrusorial sintomática “de novo” en el 16% de la serie; la perforación vesical en una de las pacientes fue el problema más grave. Conclusiones: La TVT es una técnica sencilla, segura, eficaz y relativamente económica para el tratamiento de la IUE. La TVT puede asociarse con éxito a la corrección quirúrgica de prolapsos genitales. Este hecho prolonga la estancia hospitalaria en 48 horas sin incrementar la morbilidad de la cirugía (AU)

Objetives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for treatment of female stress urinary incontinence(SUI).To determine the mid-term outcome of TVT performed during other pelvic floor reconstructive procedures. Patients and methods: 100 women with SUI undergoing TVT procedure under spinal anesthesia from January 2000 to November 2002 were studied.76 women were treated with TVT alone. 24 patients were treated with TVT and pelvic floor reconstruction: we repaired 24cystoceles grade II-III, 3 rectoceles and 4 concomitant vaginal histerectomies. Results: Mean age was 49,3 years (range 35-78). Mean parity: 2 (range 0-6) and mean operative time was 38 minutes (range20 to 50). The postoperative hospital stay was 24 hours for women treated with TVT alone. Only 1 patient (1%) need bladder catheterization during 7 days due to urinary retention. Mean follow up was 18 months (range 12-48). Objetive: cure rate was 95%. In our study the rate of de novo post-operative urge symptoms (16%) was the most frequent complication. Bladder injury was the most grave problem and it happened in 1patient (1%). Conclusion: The results confirm the feasibility and safety of TVT for treatment of SUI. Moreover, TVT procedure is economical and efectiveness. Pelvic floor defects, benign uterine disorders and SUI can be safely treated with TVT and vaginal procedures during the same surgical time (AU)

[Analysis of medical/surgical complications of cutaneous ileostomy]. / Análisis de las complicaciones médico-quirúrgicas en las ileostomías cutáneas.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to carried out a descriptive study about medical-surgical complications and alterations about quality of life in stoma patients secondary to bladder tumour. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The series are composed of 67 patients. The mean age was 70.3 years. We analyse the following variable: early and late medical-surgical complications, the body mass index (BMI) change and the alteration of quality of life. RESULTS: The most frequent early complication is the ischemic necrosis (7%) without posterior repercussion. The late complications in frequency order are: peristomal dermatitis (18%), plane stoma (12%), peristomal hernia (12%), stenosis (9%) and granuloma (6%). The BMI changes don't conditionate a increase in the complications. The psychological adaptation is good in 92%, although the majority affirm a little changes in life-style, but they don't have a repercussion on quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: In this series we estimate a low incidence of complications. The preoperative counsel and the posterior following by the stoma care nurse-surgeon team, play a fundamental role on psychological adaptation after surgery.

Análisis de las complicaciones médicoquirúrgicas en las ileostomías cutáneas / Analysis about quality of life variables in stoma patients medical-surgical complications

OBJETIVOS: Nuestro objetivo es realizar un estudio descriptivo de las complicaciones médico-quirúrgicas y alteraciones de la calidad de vida de los pacientes portadores de derivación cutánea uretero-ileal por patología tumoral vesical. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: La serie consta de 67 pacientes con una edad media de 70,3 años. Se analizan las siguientes variables: las complicaciones médico-quirúrgicas precoces tempranas y tardías, las variaciones del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la afectación de la calidad de vida. RESULTADOS: La complicación precoz más frecuente es la necrosis de mucosa (7%) sin repercusión posterior. Las complicaciones tardías en orden de frecuencia son las dermatitis (18%), estoma plano (12%), hernia paraestomal (12%), estenosis (9%) y granulomas (6%). Las variaciones del IMC no condicionan un aumento del número de complicaciones. La adaptación psicológica es buena en el 92%, aunque la mayoría reconoce pequeños cambios en sus hábitos que no repercute en su calidad de vida. CONCLUSIÓN: En esta serie se aprecia una baja incidencia de complicaciones. Los consejos preoperatorios y el seguimiento posterior por el equipo cirujano-estomaterapeuta juega un papel fundamental en la adaptación psicológica después de la cirugía

OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to carried out a descriptive study about medical-surgical complications and alterations about quality of life in stoma patients secondary to bladder tumour. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The series are composed of 67 patients. The mean age was 70.3 years. We analyse the following variable: early and late medical-surgical complications, the body mass index (BMI) change and the alteration of quality of life. RESULTS: The most frequent early complication is the ischemic necrosis (7%) without posterior repercussion.The late complications in frequency order are: peristomal dermatitis (18%), plane stoma (12%), peristomal hernia (12%), stenosis (9%) and granuloma (6%).The BMI changes don’t conditionate a increase in the complications.The psychological adaptation is good in 92%, although the majority affirm a little changes in life-style, but they don’t have a repercussion on quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: In this series we estimate a low incidence of complications. The preoperative counseland the posterior following by the stoma care nurse-surgeon team, play a fundamental role on psychological adaptation after surgery

[Histopathologic validation of the tissue-microarray technology of urothelial cancer. Our experience]. / Validación histopatológica de la tecnología tissue-microarray de cáncer de urotelio. Nuestra experiencia.

INTRODUCTION: The array technology offers: a big advance to clinic and basic investigator, it provides a variety of technics (immunohistochemistry, FISH, proteomics) to understand the molecular mechanisms of cancer. It offers scale economy in reagents versus the conventional methods. Array most be ratified because the sample is so reduced. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 52 consecutive cases have been chosen from paraffin blocks of bladder and ureteral cancer which are 5-7 years old, a tissue array has been made; disks have been arranged in lines and columns, in an aleatory way, in order to guide it's reading. It has been evaluated by a pathologist with any relation to specimen selection. RESULTS: 87 sheets ha been obtained. Number 1 has been dyed with HE. Has been discrepancy in 27% of sample's stage. Has not been a discrepancy in histopathologic diagnostic. There is no sample's representation in 11 points (17%). DISCUSSION: Our results offer good results in sample's validation. The sample's antigenicity of tissue is conserved. Array sample's represent a 97%, similarly to all unit of conventional sections of the specimen.

[Doxazosin in the gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) formulation and trial without catheter after acute urinary retention due to BPH. Dose increase action on recovery effect]. / Doxazosina en formulación de liberación retardada en la retención aguda de orina por hiperplasia benigna de próstata. Acción del incremento de dosis sobre el efecto rescate.

OBJECTIVE: Prospective and randomised study to assess the effectiveness of doxazosin in sustained release formulation in Acute Urinary Retention (AUR) treatment due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The trial was carried out with a cohort of 40 males who had all suffered their first attack of AUR caused by BPH. Twenty were randomly selected and treated for 7 days with 4 mg of sustained release doxazosin before removing the catheter. The patients not treated that could not spontaneously urinate were also administered 4 mg of doxazosin. Finally, all the patients that still had a catheter due to unsuccessful removal were treated with 8 mg of doxazosin and the percentage of patients responding to treatment was assessed. The predictive value of the response to treatment for age, IPSS, QoL, retained urine volume, prostate volume and the evolution time of the prostratism was determined by means of logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 82.5% of the patients (33/40) could urinate after removal of the catheter. 84.8% (28/33) were treated with doxazosin (21 with 4 mg and 7 with 8 mg). In the first attempt at removal, 60% of the patients (12/20) treated with 4 mg of doxazosin could spontaneously urinate, while only 25% (5/20) of those not treated, p=0.02. Similarly, 60% of the patients (9/15) treated with 4 mg of doxazosin in the second attempt could spontaneously urinate. Fifty per cent (7/14) of the patients still with a catheter, after the treatment with 4 mg of doxazosin, could urinate with 8 mg. In the logistic regression analysis, none of the variables analyzed allowed us to predict the response to the treatment. CONCLUSION: The treatment for 7 days with 4 mg of sustained release doxazosin shows greater success when removing the catheter after suffering AUR due to BPH. With this treatment, 60% of the patients could spontaneously urinate again. By increasing the dose to 8 mg, the catheter can be removed in half the patients that did not initially respond. Before removing the catheter it is not possible to predict which patients would be able to spontaneously urinate.