Bisphenol A treatment by the hot persulfate process: oxidation products and acute toxicity.

In this study, a thermally activated persulfate oxidation process was investigated to treat aqueous Bisphenol A (BPA) solution. The effect of temperature (40-50-60-70°C), initial pH (pH=3.0, 6.5, 9.0 and 11.0) and persulfate concentration (0-20mM) on bisphenol A (BPA) and TOC removals was examined. The activation energy for hot persulfate oxidation of BPA was calculated as 184 ± 12 kJ/mol. Acidic and neutral pH values were more favorable for BPA oxidation than basic pH values. TOC removals did not exhibit a specific pattern with varying initial pHs. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was employed to identify oxidation products. Several aromatic and a few aliphatic compounds could be detected including benzaldehyde, p-isopropenyl phenol, 2,3-dimethyl benzoic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-benzoic acid, ethylene glycol monoformate and succinic acid. Acute toxicity tests conducted with Vibrio fischeri indicated that the inhibitory effect of 88 µM BPA solution originally being 58%, increased to 84% after 30 min and decreased to 22% after 90 min hot persulfate treatment that could be attributed to the formation and subsequent disappearance of oxidation products.

Advanced oxidation of the commercial nonionic surfactant octylphenol polyethoxylate Triton™ X-45 by the persulfate/UV-C process: effect of operating parameters and kinetic evaluation.

This study explored the potential use of a sulfate radical (SO(·-) 4)-based photochemical oxidation process to treat the commercial nonionic surfactant octylphenol polyethoxylate (OPPE) Triton™ X-45. For this purpose, the effect of initial S2O(2-) 8 (0-5.0 mM) and OPPE (10-100 mg/L) concentrations on OPPE and its organic carbon content (TOC) removal were investigated at an initial reaction pH of 6.5. Results indicated that very fast OPPE degradation (100%) accompanied with high TOC abatement rates (90%) could be achieved for 10 and 20 mg/L aqueous OPPE at elevated S2O(2-) 8 concentrations (≥2.5 mM). S2O(2-) 8/UV-C treatment was still capable of complete OPPE removal up to an initial concentration of 40 mg/L in the presence of 2.5 mM S2O(2-) 8. On the other hand, TOC removal efficiencies dropped down to only 40% under the same reaction conditions. S2O(2-) 8/UV-C oxidation of OPPE was also compared with the relatively well-known and established H2O2/UV-C oxidation process. Treatment results showed that the performance of S2O(2-) 8/UV-C was comparable to that of H2O2/UV-C oxidation for the degradation and mineralization of OPPE. In order to elucidate the relative reactivity and selectivity of SO(·-) 4 and HO(·), bimolecular reaction rate coefficients of OPPE with SO(·-) 4 and HO(·) were determined by employing competition kinetics with aqueous phenol (47 µM) selected as the reference compound. The pseudo-first-order abatement rate coefficient obtained for OPPE during S2O(2-) 8/UV-C oxidation (0.044 min(-1)) was found to be significantly lower than that calculated for phenol (0.397 min(-1)). In the case of H2O2/UV-C oxidation however, similar pseudo-first-order abatement rate coefficients were obtained for both OPPE (0.087 min(-1)) and phenol (0.140 min(-1)). From the kinetic study, second-order reaction rate coefficients for OPPE with SO(·-) 4 and HO(·) were determined as 9.8 × 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) and 4.1 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The kinetic study also revealed that the selectivity of SO(·-) 4 was found to be significantly higher than that of HO(·).