ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) causes morbidity and mortality in preterm infants and prenatal exposure to inflammation contributes to brain injury. Moreover, prenatal exposure to severe inflammation increases the risk of IVH in preterm neonates. The current study investigated whether intrauterine exposure to inflammation affects cerebral angiogenesis and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Wnt5a, flt1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A levels in cord blood serum (stored in a bio-bank) of the enrolled patients were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A preterm prenatal inflammation exposure model was established in rats by intraperitoneal injection intraperitoneally during pregnancy. Angiogenesis of cerebral tissue was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Wnt5a, flt1, and VEGF-A expression levels were measured via immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, or western blotting. The correlation between Wnt5a and flt1 expression and the cerebral vessel area was also analyzed. RESULTS: The Wnt5a and flt1 levels in the cord blood serum were significantly higher in the amnionitis group than in the non-amnionitis group. The VEGF-A level in the cord blood serum was significantly lower in the amnionitis group. In the rat model, preterm rats in the prenatal inflammation group exhibited increased microglial cell infiltration and decreased vessel area and diameter in the cerebral tissue compared to the control group. Wnt5a was located in microglial cells, and Wnt5a and flt1 expression in brain tissue significantly increased after prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. VEGF-A expression declined after prenatal LPS exposure. The cerebral vessel area was negatively correlated with Wnt5a and flt1 expression. CONCLUSION: Disordered cerebral angiogenesis is associated with increased Wnt5a-Flt1 activation in microglial cells after exposure to intrauterine inflammation.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Hemorrhage , Chorioamnionitis , Inflammation , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 , Wnt-5a Protein , Animals , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Rats , Cerebral Hemorrhage/genetics , Cerebral Hemorrhage/metabolism , Chorioamnionitis/genetics , Chorioamnionitis/metabolism , Inflammation/complications , Inflammation/genetics , Inflammation/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A , Wnt-5a Protein/genetics , Wnt-5a Protein/metabolism , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/metabolismABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease(cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, heart failure)seriously endanger child health.Although the incidence in children is not very high, the prognosis is usually poor due to limited treatment options.With the rapid development of stem cell technology and regenerative medicine in recent years, stem cell transplantation has been proved to be able to promote cardiomyocyte regeneration, improve myocardial remodeling and left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), so as to alleviate cardiovascular diseases fundamentally.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs), a kind of pluripotent adult stem cell with profound self-renewal capacity and multi-directional differentiation potential, have been gradually applied in the treatment of children′s cardiovascular diseases, such as cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction and end-stage heart failure, and initial success has now been achieved.This review is to summarize the advance of MSCs in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in children.
ABSTRACT
The incidence of incomplete Kawasaki disease(iKD) has bean increasing year by year.Significant individual differences in manifestations, insidious onset, and lack of specific symptoms and effective diagnostic biomarkers often result in delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, which makes iKD children at higher risk of cardiovascular complications such as coronary artery dilation or coronary aneurysm and even secondary thrombosis or sudden death.The purpose of this review was to introduce the diagnosis and treatment of iKD, and thus provide evidence for clinicians.
ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease (cardiomyopathy,myocardial infarction,heart failure) seriously endanger child health.Although the incidence in children is not very high,the prognosis is usually poor due to limited treatment options.With the rapid development of stem cell technology and regenerative medicine in recent years,stem cell transplantation has been proved to be able to promote cardiomyocyte regeneration,improve myocardial remodeling and left ventficular ejection fraction (LVEF),so as to alleviate cardiovascular diseases fundamentally.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),a kind of pluripotent adult stem cell with profound self-renewal capacity and multi-directional differentiation potential,have been gradually applied in the treatment of children's cardiovascular diseases,such as cardiomyopathy,myocardial infarction and end-stage heart failure,and initial success has now been achieved.This review is to summarize the advance of MSCs in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in children.
