Efficacy of a high free iodine barrier teat disinfectant for the prevention of naturally occurring new intramammary infections and clinical mastitis in dairy cows.

Using a natural exposure trial design, the goal of our study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of an iodine teat disinfectant with barrier properties and a high level of free iodine relative to a conventional iodine teat disinfectant with no barrier properties and low levels of free iodine. During the 18 wk of the trial, quarter milk samples were collected every 2 wk from 385 dairy cows from 2 herds. Cows on both farms were assigned in a balanced way according to milk yield, number of lactation, days in milk, somatic cell count (SCC) and microbiology culture pretrial into one of following groups: nonbarrier post milking teat disinfectant (NBAR; n = 195 cows; 747 quarters) or barrier postmilking teat disinfectant (BAR; n = 190 cows; 728 quarters). Afterward, at each scoring date every 2 wk, milk SCC was quantified in samples from all mammary quarters and microbiologic culture was only performed on milk samples with SCC >200,000 cells/mL for multiparous cows and SCC >100,000 cells/mL for primiparous cows. A new intramammary infection (NIMI) was defined when a quarter had milk SCC <200,000 cells/mL for multiparous cows and <100,000 cells/mL for primiparous without microorganism isolation, and in a subsequent sampling visit had milk SCC >200,000 cells/mL for multiparous cows and >100,000 cells/mL for primiparous cows, and positive microorganism isolation. A quarter could have several NIMI, but only 1 case per specific pathogen was considered. The most frequently isolated microorganism group on both farms was Streptococcus spp. (6.25% of total mammary quarters), followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (3.6%) and Corynebacterium spp. (1.5%). In the present study, an interaction occurred between treatment and week of trial on the incidence risk of NIMI. Quarters disinfected with BAR had 54 and 37% lower odds of NIMI than quarters disinfected with NBAR at 8 and 16 wk of the trial, respectively; whereas at other weeks of the study both products had similar incidence risks of NIMI. Overall, teats disinfected with BAR had 46% lower odds of acquiring a clinical mastitis than those disinfected with NBAR. We concluded that the postmilking teat disinfectant with barrier properties and higher free iodine content reduced the risk of clinical mastitis, although differences in new infections were detected at only weekly time points.

The tumor antigen N-glycolyl-GM3 is a human CD1d ligand capable of mediating B cell and natural killer T cell interaction.

The expression of N-glycolyl-monosialodihexosyl-ganglioside (NGcGM3) in humans is restricted to cancer cells; therefore, it is a tumor antigen. There are measurable quantities of circulating anti-NGcGM3 antibodies (aNGcGM3 Abs) in human serum. Interestingly, some people have circulating Ag-specific immunoglobulins G (IgGs) that are capable of complement mediated cytotoxicity against NGcGM3 positive cells, which is relevant for tumor surveillance. In light of the chemical nature of Ag, we postulated it as a candidate ligand for CD1d. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the immune mechanism involved in the generation of these Abs entails cross talk between B lymphocytes (Bc) and invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT). Combining cellular techniques, such as flow cytometry and biochemical assays, we demonstrated that CD1d binds to NGcGM3 and that human Bc present NGcGM3 in a CD1d context according to two alternative strategies. We also showed that paraformaldehyde treatment of cells expressing CD1d affects the presentation. Finally, by co-culturing primary human Bc with iNKT and measuring Ki-67 expression, we detected a reproducible increment in the proliferation of the iNKT population when Ag was on the medium. Our findings identify a novel, endogenous, human CD1d ligand, which is sufficiently competent to stimulate iNKT. We postulate that CD1d-restricted Bc presentation of NGcGM3 drives effective iNKT activation, an immunological mechanism that has not been previously described for humans, which may contribute to understanding aNGcGM3 occurrence.

Utilização da vacina Escherichia coli J5 na imunização de novilhas leiteiras contra mastites causadas por E. coli / Use of an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine on immunization of dairy heifers against mastitis caused by E. coli

Avaliou-se a eficácia da vacina E.coli J5 na prevenção e no controle de mastites causadas por E.coli por meio da análise da prevalência de infecções intramamárias após o parto, ocorrência e intensidade de casos clínicos de mastite nos primeiros 100 dias de lactação, influência na contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e produção de leite. As novilhas, n=131, foram distribuídas em três grupos de animais - vacinados três vezes, vacinados duas vezes e não vacinados. As imunizações ocorreram 60 dias antes do parto, 30 dias antes do parto e na primeira semana pós-parto, esta última só para o grupo de três vacinações. Foram coletadas amostras de leite para diagnóstico microbiológico e avaliação da CCS, e registrados os dados relacionados à ocorrência e à intensidade dos casos clínicos e à produção de leite nos primeiros 100 dias de lactação. Não houve redução na prevalência de E.coli no pós-parto de novilhas vacinadas, e houve redução na ocorrência de casos clínicos por E.coli em novilhas vacinadas. Não foram observadas diferenças entre grupos com relação à CCS. Novilhas vacinadas com as três doses apresentaram maior produção de leite. A vacinação com E.coli J5 foi eficaz em reduzir a ocorrência de casos clínicos nos primeiros 100 dias da lactação, mas não interferiu na prevalência de infecções intramamárias após o parto, na intensidade de casos clínicos e na CCS.

Immunization of dairy heifers with E.coli J5 vaccine in order to prevent and control mastitis caused by E.coli was evaluated. Prevalence of postpartum intramammary infections by this agent; clinical mastitis occurrence and severity in the first 100 days of lactation, and its influence on somatic cell counts (SCC) and milk yield were analyzed. Heifers (n=131) were randomly assigned into three groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated animals. Immunizations occurred at 60 days prepartum, 30 days prepartum and in the first week after calving. Milk samples were collected for microbiological diagnosis and SCC evaluation, and data related to clinical mastitis occurrence; its severity and milk yield were recorded. No reduction in prevalence of postpartum intramammary infections caused by E.coli was observed in vaccinated heifers. Vaccinated heifers had less clinical mastitis than the unvaccinated group. Milk SCC did not differ between the experimental groups. Milk yield was higher in vaccinated animals. Immunization with the E.coli J5 vaccine was effective in reducing the occurrence of clinical mastitis and increase in milk yield in the first 100 days of lactation but did not affect SCC, prevalence of intramammary infections and severity of clinical mastitis after calving.

Utilização da vacina Escherichia coli J5 na imunização de novilhas leiteiras contra mastites causadas por E. coli / Use of an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine on immunization of dairy heifers against mastitis caused by E. coli

Avaliou-se a eficácia da vacina E.coli J5 na prevenção e no controle de mastites causadas por E.coli por meio da análise da prevalência de infecções intramamárias após o parto, ocorrência e intensidade de casos clínicos de mastite nos primeiros 100 dias de lactação, influência na contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e produção de leite. As novilhas, n=131, foram distribuídas em três grupos de animais - vacinados três vezes, vacinados duas vezes e não vacinados. As imunizações ocorreram 60 dias antes do parto, 30 dias antes do parto e na primeira semana pós-parto, esta última só para o grupo de três vacinações. Foram coletadas amostras de leite para diagnóstico microbiológico e avaliação da CCS, e registrados os dados relacionados à ocorrência e à intensidade dos casos clínicos e à produção de leite nos primeiros 100 dias de lactação. Não houve redução na prevalência de E.coli no pós-parto de novilhas vacinadas, e houve redução na ocorrência de casos clínicos por E.coli em novilhas vacinadas. Não foram observadas diferenças entre grupos com relação à CCS. Novilhas vacinadas com as três doses apresentaram maior produção de leite. A vacinação com E.coli J5 foi eficaz em reduzir a ocorrência de casos clínicos nos primeiros 100 dias da lactação, mas não interferiu na prevalência de infecções intramamárias após o parto, na intensidade de casos clínicos e na CCS.(AU)

Immunization of dairy heifers with E.coli J5 vaccine in order to prevent and control mastitis caused by E.coli was evaluated. Prevalence of postpartum intramammary infections by this agent; clinical mastitis occurrence and severity in the first 100 days of lactation, and its influence on somatic cell counts (SCC) and milk yield were analyzed. Heifers (n=131) were randomly assigned into three groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated animals. Immunizations occurred at 60 days prepartum, 30 days prepartum and in the first week after calving. Milk samples were collected for microbiological diagnosis and SCC evaluation, and data related to clinical mastitis occurrence; its severity and milk yield were recorded. No reduction in prevalence of postpartum intramammary infections caused by E.coli was observed in vaccinated heifers. Vaccinated heifers had less clinical mastitis than the unvaccinated group. Milk SCC did not differ between the experimental groups. Milk yield was higher in vaccinated animals. Immunization with the E.coli J5 vaccine was effective in reducing the occurrence of clinical mastitis and increase in milk yield in the first 100 days of lactation but did not affect SCC, prevalence of intramammary infections and severity of clinical mastitis after calving.(AU)

Mastite subclínica e relação da contagem de células somáticas com número de lactações, produção e composição química do leite em vacas da raça Holandesa / Subclinical mastitis and the relationship between somatic cell count with number of lactations, production and chemical composition of the milk

Verificaram-se a ocorrência de mastite subclínica em animais da raça Holandesa e a relação entre a contagem de células somáticas com a ordem de lactação e com a produção e a composição química do leite. O estudo foi realizado em propriedades integrantes do programa de controle leiteiro da Associação de Criadores de Gado Holandês de Minas Gerais. As variáveis estudadas foram: ordem de lactação, ocorrência de mastite subclínica, contagem de células somáticas (CCS), produção de leite e porcentagens de gordura e de proteína total. A correlação entre CCS e produção de leite foi negativa e entre CCS e porcentagens de gordura e de proteína, positivas. Animais com maior número de lactações apresentaram maior CCS, e com CCS acima de 100.000 cels/ml menor produção de leite.

The subclinical mastitis occurrence and the relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) with parity, milk yield and milk chemical composition, were studied in Holstein cows. The study was carried out in farms belonging to the milk control program of the Associação de Criadores de Gado Holandês de Minas Gerais. Data on lactation order, subclinical mastitis, SCC, milk production, fat contents and total protein contents were analyzed. There was a negative correlation between SCC and milk production and, correlations between SCC and percentage of fat and protein were positive. Higher lactation order cows showed higher SCC, and cows with SCC higher than 100,000 cels/ml showed less milk production.

Mastite subclínica e relação da contagem de células somáticas com número de lactações, produção e composição química do leite em vacas da raça Holandesa / Subclinical mastitis and the relationship between somatic cell count with number of lactations, production and chemical composition of the milk

Verificaram-se a ocorrência de mastite subclínica em animais da raça Holandesa e a relação entre a contagem de células somáticas com a ordem de lactação e com a produção e a composição química do leite. O estudo foi realizado em propriedades integrantes do programa de controle leiteiro da Associação de Criadores de Gado Holandês de Minas Gerais. As variáveis estudadas foram: ordem de lactação, ocorrência de mastite subclínica, contagem de células somáticas (CCS), produção de leite e porcentagens de gordura e de proteína total. A correlação entre CCS e produção de leite foi negativa e entre CCS e porcentagens de gordura e de proteína, positivas. Animais com maior número de lactações apresentaram maior CCS, e com CCS acima de 100.000 cels/ml menor produção de leite.(AU)

The subclinical mastitis occurrence and the relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) with parity, milk yield and milk chemical composition, were studied in Holstein cows. The study was carried out in farms belonging to the milk control program of the Associação de Criadores de Gado Holandês de Minas Gerais. Data on lactation order, subclinical mastitis, SCC, milk production, fat contents and total protein contents were analyzed. There was a negative correlation between SCC and milk production and, correlations between SCC and percentage of fat and protein were positive. Higher lactation order cows showed higher SCC, and cows with SCC higher than 100,000 cels/ml showed less milk production.(AU)

Shiga toxin-producing and attaching and effacing Escherichia coli in cats and dogs in a high hemolytic uremic syndrome incidence region in Argentina.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), responsible for the hemolytic uremic syndrome, is an endemic pathogen in Argentina. We studied the prevalence of STEC in fecal samples from cats and dogs of Buenos Aires city and suburbs. Cultures were used for screening stx1/stx2 and rfbO157 by multiplex PCR. All E. coli-positive colonies for these genes were further characterized for the eae gene and for serotypes. In dogs, 17 (3.7%), 19 (4.2%) and 34 (7.5%) of samples were positive for stx2, stx1 and rfb, respectively. In cats, six (4.0%) of the samples were positive for stx2, three (2.0%) for stx1 and four (2.7%) for rfbO157. In 18 (4.0%) of the dog samples, a bacteriological diagnosis was obtained by isolation. The percentage of positive isolates corresponding to the rfbO157 and to the stx2 genotypes were 2.9% and 1.1%, respectively. In four of the cat samples, the bacteriological diagnosis for stx2 (2.6% prevalence of STEC) was confirmed. Although these data suggest that the high infection index of STEC in children in Argentina does not seem to be due mainly to the role of cats and dogs, there are some strains with virulence genes in common for humans and their domestic animals.

[Evaluation of the socioeconomic costs of cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana]. / Evaluation du coût socio-économique de la leishmaniose cutanée en Guyane française.

The socio-economic cost of leishmaniasis in French Guiana was estimated using a retrospective survey spreading over a period of one year: 1979-80. The financial cost elements taken into account were the following: dermatological consultations, biological tests, treatments and hospitalisation days. Other elements were not evaluated, such as days of military hospital stays, work days suspended and unavailability of service. The cost of leishmaniasis represented 0.13% of the general budget of French Guiana and 0.43% of the global budget of the French Guiana Social Security.

[Socioeconomic aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in developing countries]. / Aspects socio-économiques de l'infection à virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) dans les pays en voie de développement.

The assessment of the socio-economical aspects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is difficult because of the relative scarcity of information. This study addresses mainly the socio-economic aspects of the AIDS pandemic in the inter-tropical zone of Africa, which, at the moment, constitutes the epicenter of the disease. In the absence of a possible radical treatment, the HIV infection prevalence should range between 25 and 30 million individuals by the year 2000 in the world, and the number of cases of AIDS, between 5 and 6 million, among which 4 to 5 million in the developing world alone. At the current rate, the overmortality rate related to AIDS in Africa is estimated at 0.1%, which should result in a drop by 30% of the Gross National Products advance (GNP). Each case of AIDS in Africa leads to a loss of productivity of 8.8 years. Already, losses caused by AIDS screening and its medical treatment in five countries of Central Africa should exceed the total amount of the foreign assistance received by each country. The estimated economic weight of the AIDS attendance is 15 to 20 times more heavy for a developing country than for an industralized one. Overcoming economically the cost of AIDS is an objective impossible to reach for deprived countries.

PIP: Tropical Africa is the epicenter of the AIDS epidemic, with an estimated 500,000 AIDS cases and 5 million seropositive individuals as of October 1990. The World Health Organization estimates that 3 times as many persons will be infected by HIV in 1991-2000 as in 1981-90. In the absence of an effective treatment, the worldwide prevalence of HIV infection is expected to reach 20 million adults and the number of reported cases 5-6 million by the year 2000. 400,000 children are estimated to have contracted AIDS since the beginning of the epidemic, in addition to some 8800,000 adults. It is projected that from now to the year 2000, at least 10 million children will be infected by Hiv, 90% of them in sub-Saharan Africa. The direct costs of treating AIDS are enormous and far outstrip available resources in Africa. The annual budget of the principal hospital in Kinshasa is lower than a cost of treating 10 AIDS patients in the US. The funds destined for AIDS prevention programs in Africa and other developing areas are not likely to increase significantly. On the other hand, some indicators such as total condom sales in some African countries suggest that public awareness of protective measures may be growing. The World Health Organization estimates that of 3 million persons affected by both AIDS and tuberculosis, 2.4 million are in Africa. A chemotherapy has been developed that shortens tuberculosis treatment from 12 to 6 months, but its cost, about US $30-50 per person or $200 if hospitalization is required, will further burden health budgets. It will be difficult for Africa to meet the direct costs alone of AIDS, given that annual per capita health expenditures are much lower than the cost of a diagnostic test for HIV infection. The age group most affected by AIDS is 25-45 years. The World Bank estimates that excess mortality related to AIDS in Africa amounts to .1%, which may result in a 30% decline in the progress of the GNP. Each case of AIDS results in a loss of productivity of 8.8 years. HIV prevalence is higher in urban areas and among the upper classes and elites. Airline pilots, physicians and nurses, and members of the armed forces have particularly high rates in some countries. Despite the lack of reliable statistics, the epidemic is known to be spreading into rural areas. The zones of greatest prevalence is in countries bordering Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika, with prevalence nearing 20% of the population. Estimated prevalence is 4-10% among adults in Congo, the Central African Republic, and Zaire. AIDS has reversed the infant mortality declines in many developing countries. It is estimated that expenditures for AIDS diagnosis and medical care in 5 Central African countries exceed their total amount of foreign assistance. Millions of small children will be orphaned, requiring a massive effort to provide support.

[Heminoglobinopathies of young adults migrating from the Antilles to the Metropolis (apropos of 1,000 cases of electrophoresis)].

The systematic research of abnormal haemoglobins has been done on 1,000 subjects of both sexes (mostly 18 to 35 years) from Guadeloupe (500) and Martinique (500), examined in Paris. The following were found without significent difference in both islands : 86,9% heterozygote AS, 4,5% heterozygote AC, 0,3% double heterozygote SC, one homozygote CC, 0,3% increase of the fraction A2 and one increase of haemoglobin F. Those results were comparable to the few anterior studies in French West Indies.