PECULIARITIES OF PSORIASIS IN A BLACK AFRICAN COHORT: A HISTOPATHOLOGIC STUDY.

Background: Clinical and histopathologic observations have indicated that psoriasis is not rare in our population as previously thought. The initial rarity also led to paucity of studies on the disorder including histopathologic features in our practice setting. To date, there is no report on the histopathologic features of psoriasis indigenous to our practice environment. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of occurrence of the various histopathologic features of psoriasis in patients from this environment and identify any peculiarities that exist in black African patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed clinically with psoriasis at the University College Hospital, Ibadan between January 2015 and October 2016. After baseline sociodemographic data, all patients had baseline clinical examination and were offered skin biopsy after obtaining informed consent. The biopsy specimen was examined for histopathologic features of psoriasis after routine processing and staining using a pretested proforma with the frequencies of each diagnostic feature reported in percentages. Results: Forty-four patients with plaque psoriasis were analyzed. The mean age of the patients studied was 39.84 ± 20.97 years with a male to female ratio of which was almost equal. The most consistent epidermal changes in decreasing other of frequency were acanthosis, hypogranulosis, hyperkeratosis followed by elongation of rete ridges while dermal features were dermal infiltration by inflammatory cells, and dilatation of superficial dermal vessels. Munro's microabscesses were found in less than half of the patients biopsied. Some of the patients were found to have atypical changes. Conclusion: Histopathological features of psoriasis in the study is similar to what has been previously established universally but typical features such as Munro's micro abscesses and Kogoj's spongiform pustules are less frequently seen than expected. Atypical changes such as dermal melanophages and periadnexal infiltration by inflammatory cells may also be seen.

Las dimensiones económicas de las enfermedades no transmisibles en América Latina y el Caribe / Economic Dimensions of Non-communicable Diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean

[Prefacio]. Las dimensiones económicas de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), obra complementaria de Prioridades para el control de enfermedades (DPC3 por sus siglas en inglés) , explora el impacto y la relación entre las ENT y el desarrollo y crecimiento económico en los países de ALC. En los artículos que la component se examina la compleja interacción entre las ENT, el gasto sanitario y las inversiones económicas en las áreas de salud, pobreza e inequidades, utilizando para ello la información y los datos de investigación más recientes relativos a la región de ALC. Existen pruebas categóricas de que las ENT constituyen un problema de gran importancia cuya frecuencia va en aumento en los países de ingresos bajos y de ingresos medianos, y de que consumen proporciones cada vez mayors de los presupuestos destinados a la atención de salud. Las ENT no son simplemente la consecuencia indirecta del aumento de los ingresos y de la reducción paulatina de las enfermedades infecciosas, sino que también figuran entre las principales causas de discapacidad y mala salud y son la causa principal de muerte prevenible y prematura en las Américas. Las ENT generan cuantiosos gastos de bolsillo en salud tanto en los individuos como en las familias, así como enormes desembolsos en salud en los presupuestos nacionales. Durante los últimos 20 años, muchos países de ALC han tenido un crecimiento económico sin precedentes; y a pesar de la reciente crisis económica mundial, los indicadores económicos y de salud han mejorado en términos generales, especialmente en el plano nacional. Sin embargo, las ENT siguen poniendo en riesgo el crecimiento económico y el potencial de desarrollo de muchas naciones, sobre todo de aquellas de ingresos bajos y medianos que enfrentan un aumento más marcado de la carga de ENT como resultado del rápido crecimiento y envejecimiento de sus poblaciones. Estas enfermedades propician la inequidad; menoscaban los logros económicos de las personas, las comunidades y las sociedades, y obstaculizan el desarrollo de manera sostensible. Es imprescindible conocer más a fondo las repercusiones económicas de las ENT y mitigar sus consecuencias nocivas para las sociedades [...] En la presente obra también se aprovechan las evidencias previas y se evalúan las investigaciones empíricas más recientes con la finalidad de influir en la formulación de políticas, la preparación de programas y la asignación de recursos en torno a las ENT en los planos regional y nacional. Esta publicación también recomienda medidas específicas y hace un llamado a la participación de toda la sociedad en el manejo de las ENT como un problema económico urgente y un obstáculo al desarrollo. Con estos objetivos en mente se redactó Las dimensiones económicas de las enfermedades no transmisibles en América Latina y el Caribe, fruto de la labor de asesores técnicos de la OPS y de muchos otros expertos en el tema. La obra está dirigida a un auditorio variado que comprende desde académicos y profesionales de la salud hasta formuladores de políticas y directores de programas, así como medios de comunicación, legisladores y público en general. En la preparación de este libro, la OPS colaboró con el Banco Mundial, el Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México y la Disease Control Priorities Network (Red de prioridades en la lucha contra las enfermedades), del Departamento de Salud Global de la Universidad de Washington. Asimismo, la OPS contrató a destacados investigadores de toda la región ALC. Cada artículo se escribió por separado, en función de los conocimientos y las experiencia de los distintos autores.

Economic Dimensions of Non-Communicable Disease in Latin America and the Caribbean. Disease Control Priorities. 3. ed. Companion Volume

[Foreword]. Economic Dimensions of Noncommunicable Diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean is a companion volume to Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3). This volume explores the relationship between and the impact of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) on development and economic growth in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This collection of manuscripts examines the complex interplay among NCDs, health expenditures and financial investments in health, poverty, and inequities, using up-to-date information and evidence from the LAC region. There is compelling proof that NCDs are a major and growing problem for low- and middle-income countries, and that they consume increasingly greater proportions of health care budgets. NCDs are not simply a byproduct of higher incomes and declining infectious disease rates, but are also a major cause of disability and ill health and the leading cause of preventable and premature mortality in the Americas. NCDs are responsible for significant out-of-pocket health expenditures for individuals and families, as well as substantial health outlays in national budgets [...] Economic Dimensions of Noncommunicable Diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean recognizes the relationship between NCDs and sociodemographic trends in the LAC region. These include unprecedented rates of urbanization, globalization, rapid population aging, and inadequate health system responses to these changes. This volume provides health planners and decision makers with relevant information about how NCDs contribute to economic development and makes a case for greater investments in the prevention and control of chronic conditions. This book also builds on previous evidence and assesses new empirical work, with the goal of influencing NCD policies, program design, and resource allocation at the regional and country level. The volume also recommends specific, concrete actions and calls for an all-of-society approach to address NCDs as both an urgent economic concern and a development issue. With these objectives in mind, Economic Dimensions of Noncommunicable Diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean has been written by PAHO technical advisors and a range of other, specially selected experts, for an audience that ranges from academics and health professionals to policy makers and program managers, as well as the media, lawmakers, and the general public.

A study of the use of Primolut N tablet as a contraceptive in the Kumasi metropolis of Ghana.

This study investigated the use of Primolut N tablet which contains norethisterone 5mg popularly called N-tablet by users as a pre-coital contraceptive by women in the Kumasi metropolis of Ghana. Clients who called at any of the twenty (20) selected Pharmacies in residential areas within the Kumasi metropolis demanding the drug, with or without valid prescriptions were interviewed using a guide. Of the two hundred and twenty (220) users interviewed, 94% demanded the drug for contraception and 6% for menstrual disorders. Sixty one percent of those demanding it for contraception were between the ages 20-25 years. Respondents preferred the use of norethisterone tablets as a contraceptive to other methods because it worked for them and they also found it easy and convenient taking a tablet just before coitus than taking daily oral contraceptive pills. Norethisterone is being used as a pre-coital contraceptive, though the efficacy, safety and reliability of the drug for that purpose is unknown. Until these are known, women must be discouraged from using the drug.

Global health: the twenty-first century global health priority agenda.

Growth in global health interest in the past 20 years has been overwhelming and many universities throughout the world have created departments or institutes of global health. The essence of global health has to be promoting health equity globally. The global health agenda must embrace design of mixed health systems, involving both private and public components to address the emerging threat of noncommunicable diseases and existing communicable diseases as well as to reduce health inequity. The priority agenda for the twenty-first century is challenging but the improvements of the past give hope that the barriers to improving global health are surmountable.

A study of the use of Primolut N Tablet as a contraceptive in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana

This study investigated the use of Primolut N tablet which contains norethisterone 5mg popularly called N- tablet by users as a precoital contraceptive by women in the Kumasi metropolis of Ghana. Clients who called at any of the twenty (20) selected Pharmacies in residential areas within the Kumasi metropolis demanding the drug, with or without valid prescriptions were interviewed using a guide. Of the two hundred and twenty (220) users interviewed, 94% demanded the drug for contraception and 6% for menstrual disorders. Sixty one percent of those demanding it for contraception were between the ages 20-25 years. Respondents preferred the use of norethisterone tablets as a contraceptive to other methods because it worked for them and they also found it easy and convenient taking a tablet just before coitus than taking daily oral contraceptive pills. Norethisterone is being used as a pre-coital contraceptive, though the efficacy, safety and reliability of the drug for that purpose is unknown. Until these are known, women must be discouraged from using the drug (Afr J Reprod Health 2011; 15[1]: 65-67)

Diagnostic and treatment difficulties in systemic lupus erythematosus coexisting with sickle cell disease.

BACKGROUND: Patients with Sickle cell disease present with a wide range of symptoms and signs which overlap with other chronic illnesses. This often leads to a delay in diagnoses of the associated disorder. OBJECTIVE: In view of the high prevalence of SCD in our environment, it is important to know that this association can occur and should be considered when patients present with pyrexia, arthritis, seizures and a recurrent rash. CASE REPORT: We present an 8-year-old boy with sickle cell disease who presented with recurrent fever, back pains, and 'cutaneous eruptions' to multiple drugs. He had several admissions within two years due to above symptoms. Examination at the onset of the illness revealed a young boy with fever, no jaundice, and periorbital oedema and generalized lymphadenopathy. He had scanty fluffy hair and post inflammatory hyper pigmentation on the trunk and extremities. He also had a hepatomegaly. He was started on Ibuprofen and ceftraixone to which he reacted. He had corticosteroids and antimalarials and improved. During the 2-year-follow up period he was admitted for recurrent seizures, arthritis and a leg ulcer. On last visit to hospital, he developed a malar rash. Discoid rash with mouth ulcers. A diagnosis of SLE was made in the patient. CONCLUSION: There are only 23 reported cases of SLE occurring in patients with sickle cell disease in literature, suggesting that the association is rare, it should be considered in patients with sickle cell disease presenting with pyrexia, rash and seizures.

Adult male circumcision: results of a standardized procedure in Kisumu District, Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a standard procedure for male circumcision in a resource-poor medical setting and prospectively evaluate the outcome in a randomized, controlled trial with the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the main outcome, as studies suggest that circumcision is associated with a lower incidence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in high-risk populations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Healthy, uncircumcised, HIV-seronegative men aged 18-24 years from Kisumu District, Kenya, were offered participation in a clinical trial using a standard circumcision procedure based on "usual" medical procedures in Western Kenya. The follow-up included visits at 3, 8 and 30 days after circumcision, with additional visits if necessary. Healing, satisfaction and resumption of activities were assessed at these visits and 3 months from randomization. RESULTS: Overall, 17 (3.5%) of the 479 circumcisions were associated with adverse events judged definitely, probably or possibly related to the procedure. The most common adverse events were wound infections (1.3%), bleeding (0.8%), and delayed wound healing or suture line disruption (0.8%). After 30 days, 99% of participants reported being very satisfied with the procedure; approximately 23% reported having had sex and 15% reported that their partners had expressed an opinion, all of whom were very satisfied with the outcome. About 96% of the men resumed normal general activities within the first week after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Safe and acceptable adult male circumcision services can be delivered in developing countries should male circumcision ultimately be advocated as a public-health measure.

Pityriasis versicolor: Current concepts in Aetiology and Management.

UNLABELLED: Pityriasis versicolor occurs commonly in this environment. It is characterised by fine scaly macular eruption and has a chronic relapsing nature. It is due to infection with malassezia. Recently with the aid of sequencing of the sub-unit rRNA and nuclear DNA complimentary studies, the malassezia species have been classified into seven. Malassezia (M) furfur, M. Symboidalis, M. Obtuse, M. globosa, M. restricta, M. sloofiae and M. pachydermatitis. M. globosa has been linked to development of pityriasis versicolor. Despite extensive work, factors which change the organism from its commensally to its pathogenic state are yet to be identified, although a genetic factor appears to be involved as familial cases occur. However factors such as hyper-hidrosis, depressed immunity, and occlusion of the skin, malnutrition and abuse of corticosteroids have been observed to be contributory. For many years topical therapy was the main stay of treatment that contributed to the high relapse after treatment. Presently management includes the use of both systemic and topical anti-fungals. Prophylactic treatment is now advocated in preventing relapses, which occurs commonly. KEYWORDS: pityriasis versicolor, current views, aetiology, management.

Hepatitis B virus in Nigerians with lichen planus.

BACKGROUND: [corrected] Lichen planus had been reported as one of the cutaneous manifestations of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the literature. The prevalence of HBV among Nigerians with lichen planus has not been documented in the literature despite the high prevalence of HBV in the community, and the reports of a possible relationship between lichen planus and HBV from this centre and from other regions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBsAg amongst Nigerians with lichen planus. METHOD: Sixty Nigerians with lichen planus (LP group) and 30 patients with other dermatoses not reportedly associated with HBV (control group A) and 30 apparently normal subjects (control group B) were screened for the presence of HBsAg by second generation ELISA. RESULTS: Nine (15%) of the 60 LP group, 2 (6.2%) of the 30 control group A and 2 (6.2%) of the 30 control group B were HBsAg seropositive. CONCLUSION: This study found a higher prevalence of HBsAg in patients with lichen planus when compared with patients with other cutaneous dermatoses and apparently normal individuals. Although a causal relationship between HBV has not been established from this study, this report reiterates the importance of screening patients with lichen planus for the presence of HBV and instituting therapy in those found positive.

Ensuring safe blood in the Americas

This issue will deal not only with blood banks as the places where blood is collected and processed, but also with the whole spectrum of transfusion medicine. Blood has a special place in the culture of our civilizations as symbolizing strength and the vital force of life. Its use in forms that may seem macabre to us now found its way into many ancient rituals. All physicians regard blood with some awe since so far there is no substitute for it, and its transfusion may be regarded as the first organ transplant ... Most of the blood collected in Latin America and the Caribbean is still through replacemrnt donation. Although this practice is being strongly discouraged, it is easy to see its genesis. There must be few more gratifying feelings than that of giving one's own blood not to go into some great amorphous pool but to help someone who is known and loved. We have seen increased promotion of standards and norms for blood banks in the countries and sustained efforts to rationalize the large number of blood banks that are currently operating under a large number of different schemes in the countries. Because there is increased screening of blood, the number of transfusional infections has ben reduced, and this has been documented very clearly in the case of Chagas' disease. I have been pleased to see the emphasis placed on education, even by distance, and the dissemination of both technical and popular information (AU)