ABSTRACT
Background: Antimicrobial consumption continues to rise globally and contributes to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial prescribing patterns in a selected tertiary hospital in Tanzania. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for one year (September 2021-September 2022) at Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, a public hospital in the southern highlands zone of Tanzania. Data on clinical diagnosis, laboratory tests, prescribed antimicrobials, and prescribers' designations were collected through a custom eMedical system, aligning antimicrobials with the WHO's 2021 AWaRe classification. Descriptive analysis was performed to assess the pattern of antimicrobial prescriptions. Results: Of 2,293 antimicrobial prescriptions, 62.41% were ACCESS, 37.42% were WATCH, and 0.17% fell in the RESERVE categories. Metronidazole, accounting for 23.8%, was the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial. More than 50% of the ACCESS and WATCH prescriptions were justified by laboratory diagnosis and were predominantly prescribed by clinicians. A very small proportion of prescriptions (<1%) were informed by culture and sensitivity (C/S) testing. The Paediatric department had the majority of WATCH prescriptions (72.2%). Conclusion: The prescribing patterns at the study hospital generally align with WHO AWaRe guidelines, potentially mitigating antimicrobial resistance. Nevertheless, the scarcity of culture and sensitivity testing is a concern that warrants targeted improvement.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Thin layer chromatography (TLC) can be used to perform therapeutic drug monitoring in resource-limited settings, where more expensive analytical methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are not feasible. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare saliva concentrations of nevirapine (NVP) with self-reported adherence in patients on NVP-containing antiretroviral treatment at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania. METHODS: HIV-infected patients using a combination of zidovudine + lamivudine + NVP, or stavudine + lamivudine + NVP, for more than 4 weeks were included. Saliva samples were collected using dental cotton rolls impregnated with citric acid (20 mg). Saliva NVP concentrations were analyzed using TLC. Adherence to ARV medication was assessed by self-reporting using the Morisky scale. RESULTS: Of the 91 study participants, 79 (86.8%) had therapeutic saliva NVP concentrations (ie, >1.75 mg/L) and 12 (13.2%) had subtherapeutic concentrations. Self-reported adherence among the study participants was high in 62 participants (68.1%), moderate in 24 (26.4%), and low in 5 (5.5%). Fifty-seven (91.9%) of the study participants with high self-reported adherence had therapeutic saliva NVP concentrations. Of the 5 participants with low self-reported adherence, 3 had therapeutic NVP concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of patients had therapeutic NVP saliva concentrations as measured by TLC, which showed a good agreement with self-reported adherence.
