A Systematic Review of Semaglutide's Influence on Cognitive Function in Preclinical Animal Models and Cell-Line Studies.

Since we aim to test new options to find medication for cognitive disorders, we have begun to assess the effect of semaglutide and to conduct a review gathering studies that have attempted this purpose. This systematic review focuses on the cognitive effects of semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), in the context of neurological and cognitive impairment. Semaglutide, a synthetic GLP-1 analog, showcased neuroprotective effects beyond metabolic regulation. It mitigated apoptosis and improved cognitive dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease, suggesting broader implications for neurological well-being. Also, studies highlighted GLP-1 RAs' positive impact on olfactory function in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes, on neurodegenerative disorders, multiple sclerosis, and endotoxemia. In order to analyze current studies that assess the impact of semaglutide on cognitive function, a literature search was conducted up to February 2024 on two online databases, MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Web of Science Core Collection, as well as various websites. Fifteen studies on mice populations and two studies on cell lines were included, analyzed, and assessed with bias-specific tools. The neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic properties of GLP-1 and its analogs were emphasized, with animal models and cell line studies demonstrating enhanced cognitive function. While promising, limitations include fewer studies, highlighting the need for extensive research, particularly in the human population. Even though this medication seems promising, there are significant limitations, one of which is the lack of studies on human subjects. Therefore, this review aims to gather current evidence.

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Patients With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS).

INTRODUCTION: During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the management of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) underwent dynamic adjustments in response to an evolving understanding of the virus's impact on different patient populations. Healthcare practitioners reevaluated therapeutic approaches for conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), considering the potential implications of this condition on the severity and progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to investigate potential correlations between SARS-CoV-2 infection severity, exacerbation of LUTS, and BPH progression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study includes patients hospitalized in our Urology Department between January 2021 and January 2023, presenting with both SARS-CoV-2 and BPH. Their ages ranged from 57 to 88 years, with a mean age of 65.4 years. The diagnosis of BPH relied on a diagnostic triad consisting of digital rectal examination, biological markers (including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and free PSA, and ultrasound examination, with both conditions confirmed based on test results. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) procedures utilized monopolar Karl Storz resection equipment, using sorbitol and bipolar Olympus devices for transurethral resection of the prostate in saline (TURPis). Haemostasia was performed using roller balls. Anticoagulation followed a prescribed scheme by cardiologists and infectious disease specialists. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. RESULTS: Among the 138 hospitalized patients affected by both BPH and COVID-19, 18 required emergency endoscopic procedures (specifically TURP or TURPis) to achieve hemostasis (Figures 1, 2). These individuals presented persistent hematuria despite conservative treatments. The mean duration of surgery was 57.9 minutes. Patients who underwent surgery had a longer average hospital stay compared to those who did not, with durations of 10.5 days versus 7.5 days, respectively. Additionally, urethrovesical catheter insertion was necessary in 29 cases due to acute urinary retention or worsening voiding symptoms during hospitalization. These patients are scheduled for further urological evaluation following the resolution of the COVID-19 episode. In a cohort of 53 patients for whom data were accessible, comparisons were made between the pre-COVID status and the levels of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), post-voiding residue (PVR), and quality of life (QoL). The findings revealed a mean pre-COVID IPSS value of 11.6 and a COVID-related value of 14.2, with a statistically significant difference noted (p < 0.05). The mean pre-COVID PVR was 42.3 cm2, whereas during the COVID-19 period, it measured 62.5 cm2, also exhibiting a significant difference (p < 0.05). Additionally, the QoL showed a mean pre-COVID-19 score of 2.4 and a COVID-19-associated score of 2.9, again demonstrating statistical significance (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic posed novel challenges in the medical realm, impacting the approach to BPH management. A common practice was delaying treatment for chronic BPH until viral infection remission to reduce associated risks. Additionally, our study revealed a worse evolution in LUTS among individuals with severe COVID-19 symptoms.

Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Near-Infrared Indocyanine Green (NIR/ICG) in Lymphatic Mapping for Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review.

As laparoscopy gained global popularity in oncologic surgery, the challenge of detecting lymph nodes spurred researchers to explore innovative techniques and approach the situation from a fresh perspective. While many proposed methods have faded into obscurity, the utilization of indocyanine green (ICG) in the surgical treatment of oncologic patients has continued to advance. The immense potential of this dye is widely acknowledged, yet its full extent and limitations in lymphatic mapping for colorectal cancer remain to be precisely determined. This article aims to assess the magnitude of its potential and explore the constraints based on insights from clinical studies published by pioneering researchers. A systematic review of the existing literature, comprising articles in English, was conducted using the Scopus, PubMed, and Springer Link databases. The search employed keywords such as "colorectal cancer" AND/OR "indocyanine green," "fluorescence" AND/OR "lymphatic mapping" AND/OR "lymph nodes." Initially identifying 129 articles, the application of selection criteria narrowed down the pool to 10 articles, which served as the primary sources of data for our review. Despite the absence of a standardized protocol for the application of ICG in colorectal cancer, particularly in the context of lymphatic mapping, the detection rates have exhibited considerable variation across studies. Nevertheless, all authors unanimously regarded this technique as beneficial and promising. Additionally, it is advocated as an adjunctive tool to enhance the accuracy of cancer staging. Near-infrared (NIR)-enhanced surgery holds the promise of transforming the landscape of oncologic surgery, emerging as a valuable tool for surgeons. However, the absence of a standardized technique and the subjective nature of result assessment impose limitations on the potential of this method. Consequently, it can be inferred that the establishment of a universally accepted protocol, encompassing parameters such as dose, concentration, technique, and site of administration of ICG, along with the optimal time needed for fluorescence visualization, would enhance the outcomes. Emphasizing the accurate selection of patients is crucial to prevent the occurrence of false-negative results.

Ruptured Recurrent Interstitial Ectopic Pregnancy Successfully Managed by Laparoscopy.

Ectopic pregnancies are a frequently encountered cause of first-trimester metrorrhagia. They occur when an embryo is implanted and grows outside the normal uterine space. Uncommonly, the embryo can be implanted in the intramural portion of the uterine tube, a condition referred to as interstitial localization. This specific type of ectopic pregnancy may have an unpredictable course, potentially leading to severe uterine rupture and catastrophic bleeding if not promptly diagnosed and managed. We present a rare case of a multiparous 36-year-old female patient who underwent pelvic ultrasonography in the emergency department for intense pelvic pain associated with hypotension and moderate anemia. A history of right salpingectomy for a ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy 10 years previously was noted. High beta-HCG levels were also detected. A pelvic ultrasound allowed us to suspect a ruptured ectopic interstitial pregnancy at 8 weeks of amenorrhea. An association with hemoperitoneum was suspected, and an emergency laparoscopy was performed. The condition was confirmed intraoperatively, and the patient underwent a right corneal wedge resection with suture of the uterine myometrium. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the fourth day postoperatively. Interstitial ectopic pregnancy is a rare yet extremely perilous situation. Timely ultrasound-based diagnosis is crucial as it can enable conservative management with Methotrexate. Delayed diagnosis can lead to uterine rupture with consecutive surgery based on a transection of the pregnancy and cornual uterine resection.

Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Gastric Cancer.

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, with more than 1 million cases diagnosed every year. Helicobacter pylori represents the main risk factor, being responsible for 78% of the cases. Increased amounts of salt, pickled food, red meat, alcohol, smoked food, and refined sugars negatively affect the stomach wall, contributing to GC development. Several gene mutations, including PIK3CA, TP53, ARID1A, CDH1, Ras, Raf, and ERBB3 are encountered in GC pathogenesis, leading to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-PI3K/AKT/mTOR-and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway activation and promoting tumoral activity. Helicobacter pylori, growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and oxidative stress also activate both pathways, enhancing GC development. In clinical trials, promising results have come from monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab and ramucirumab. Dual inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways were used in vitro studies, also with promising results. The main aim of this review is to present GC incidence and risk factors and the dysregulations of the two protein kinase complexes together with their specific inhibitors.

Variability of Sentinel Lymph Node Location in Patients with Trunk Melanoma.

(1) Background: Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of neoplasia, and the management of this pathology requires a correct staging, as well as a personalized modern oncological treatment. The main objective of the study is to determine the variability of the lymphatic drainage for patients with melanomas located on the trunk and, secondarily, to determine the features of individuals who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) depending on the exact location on the trunk. (2) Methods: This retrospective, observational, single-center study included 62 cases of trunk melanoma operated between July 2019 and March 2023, in which SLNB was performed and a total of 84 lymph nodes were excised. (3) Results: Patients had a median age of 54.5 (33-78) years, with 58.1% being male; the melanomas had a median Breslow index of 2.3 (0.5-12.5) mm. Approximately 64.3% of the cohort had melanoma on the upper part of the trunk (54 cases) and 35.7% had it on the lower part (30 cases). The type of anesthesia chosen was general anesthesia in 53 cases and spinal anesthesia in 9 cases (85.5% vs. 14.5%, p < 0.001). The number of sentinel lymph nodes excised was 54 for melanomas located on the upper part of the trunk (8 cervical and 46 axillary) and 30 sentinel lymph nodes for melanomas of the lower part of the trunk (16 at the axillary level and 14 at the inguinal level). Out of the 54 LNs identified in patients with melanoma on the upper part of the trunk, 13 were positive, with a total of 12 positive lymph nodes (LNs) from the axillar basin, and only one from the cervical region. Additionally, the incidence of patients with a minimum of two identified sentinel lymph nodes was 32.2%, with a total of seven having LN involvement in two basins, and only one of these cases showed positivity for malignancy. (4) Conclusions: SLNBs were more frequent in the axillary region overall, and had more positive SLNs. Moreover, melanoma on the upper part of the trunk had a higher rate of positive SLNs compared to the lower part. Tumors located on the lower part of the truck had more positive SLNs in the axillary region than in the inguinal one.

Diagnosis and Treatment Difficulties in a Case of Synchronous Colon Cancer with Ovarian Metastasis and Peritoneal Carcinomatosis.

We present the case of a 46 year old female patient, with a personal history of breast abscess and total thyroidectomy for multiple thyroid cysts, who was investigated in a different healthcare facility for loss of appetite and weight loss. She was referred to our hospital with a suspicion of stage IIIC ovarian cancer, based on the paraclinical investigations which were made: a pelvic MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and the ROMA score (23,16%). The colonoscopy done at the Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest after admitting the patient revealed a circumferential tumor with an ulcerative and infiltrative aspect, which occupied in totality the lumen of the colon, near the splenic flexure. Biopsies were taken at this level. The histopathology result describes a welldifferentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma. A surgical intervention with complete cytoreduction was performed. Immunohistochemistry and histopathology reports of the tissue provided confirmed the origin of the tumor as being colonic, concluding that the primary tumor was a colonic mucinous adenocarcinoma with multiple peritoneal and bilateral ovarian metastases.

Identification of Predictive Factors for Pathologic Complete Response in Rectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Treatment: A Retrospective Study.

Background: Colorectal cancer is a serious illness, with rectal cancer accounting for thirty percent of all cases. For patients diagnosed with rectal cancer, neoadjuvant downstaging chemoradiotherapy is often necessary due to advanced disease at presentation. However, for certain patients, neoadjuvant chemotherapy can result in a complete response, leading to the possibility of overtreatment during subsequent definitive surgery. Methods: In order to identify predictors for clinical or pathologic complete response, we conducted a retrospective study on 231 patients diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer who underwent neoadjuvant treatment. Results: Our results indicate that tumor characteristics remain the primary predictive factors for treatment response in rectal cancer patients. Specifically, we found that a complete pathologic response was more likely in patients with stage I/II disease compared to stage III/IV. However, we did not identify any statistically significant associations between radiotherapy characteristics (such as fractionation, treatment technique or total dose) and complete response rates. Conclusions: In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of tumor stage in predicting pathologic complete response following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer patients. Other clinical and pathologic factors, such as tumor size, may also be important predictors of treatment response and should be explored in future studies.

The Evolving Landscape of Immunotherapy in Uterine Cancer: A Comprehensive Review.

Endometrial cancer affects the uterus and is becoming increasingly common and deadly. Although surgery and adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy can often cure the disease when it is contained in the uterus, patients with metastatic or recurrent disease have limited response rates to chemotherapy, targeted agents, and hormonal therapy. To address this unmet clinical need, innovative treatment strategies are needed, and a growing focus on the immunomodulation of the tumor microenvironment has arisen. Current data suggest that active and/or passive immunotherapy may be promising for the treatment of endometrial cancer.

Validation of a New Prognostic Score in Patients with Ovarian Adenocarcinoma.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of clinical prognostic factors and propose a prognostic score that aids the clinician's decision in estimating the risk for patients in clinical practice. Materials and Methods: The study included 195 patients diagnosed with ovarian adenocarcinoma. The therapeutic strategy involved multidisciplinary decisions: surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (80%), neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery (16.4%), and only chemotherapy in selected cases (3.6%). Results: After a median follow-up of 68 months, in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 1 and 2 vs. 0 (hazard ratio-HR = 2.71, 95% confidence interval-CI, 1.96-3.73, p < 0.001 for PFS and HR = 3.19, 95%CI, 2.20-4.64, p < 0.001 for OS), menopausal vs. premenopausal status (HR = 2.02, 95%CI, 1.35-3,0 p < 0.001 and HR = 2.25, 95%CI = 1.41-3.59, p < 0.001), ascites (HR = 1.95, 95%CI 1.35-2.80, p = 0.03, HR = 2.31, 95%CI = 1.52-3.5, p < 0.007), residual disease (HR = 5.12, 95%CI 3.43-7.65, p < 0.0001 and HR = 4.07, 95%CI = 2.59-6.39, p < 0.0001), and thrombocytosis (HR = 2.48 95%CI = 1.72-3.58, p < 0.0001, HR = 3.33, 95%CI = 2.16-5.13, p < 0.0001) were associated with a poor prognosis. An original prognostic score including these characteristics was validated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (area under the curve-AUC = 0.799 for PFS and AUC = 0.726 for OS, p < 0.001). The median PFS for patients with none, one, two, three, or four (or more) prognostic factors was not reached, 70, 36, 20, and 12 months, respectively. The corresponding median overall survival (OS) was not reached, 108, 77, 60, and 34 months, respectively. Conclusions: Several negative prognostic factors were identified: ECOG performance status ≥ 1, the presence of ascites and residual disease after surgery, thrombocytosis, and menopausal status. These led to the development of an original prognostic score that can be helpful in clinical practice.

Chronic Pelvic Puzzle: Navigating Deep Endometriosis with Renal Complications.

This case report delves into the intricacies of a challenging clinical scenario involving deep pelvic endometriosis, which manifested with renal complications. Endometriosis, a complex gynecological condition, is explored in this case, highlighting its multifaceted nature. The patient presented with a complex interplay of symptoms, including chronic pelvic pain, urinary tract issues, and severe deep adenomyosis. The diagnostic journey was protracted, emphasizing the need for early recognition and intervention in such cases. A thorough evaluation, including laparoscopic examination and histopathological analysis, revealed the extensive presence of endometriotic lesions in various pelvic and renal structures, ultimately leading to left hydronephrosis. The report underscores the significance of timely diagnosis and surgical intervention to prevent irreversible renal damage. This case provides valuable insights into the management of deep endometriosis with renal involvement and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. Understanding the complexities of this condition can aid in improving patient outcomes and enhancing the quality of care provided.

Navigating Through Surgical Implications of Helicobacter pylori: An Up-to-Date Comprehensive Literature Review.

Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative bacterium, has been identified as a major contributor to gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from gastritis and peptic ulcers to more severe complications such as gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. While pharmacological eradication therapies have been successful in managing H. pylori-associated diseases, the implications of this bacterium on surgical interventions remain a topic of ongoing research and clinical consideration. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the intricate surgical implications of H. pylori infection. Recent data on the well-known relationship between and the development of gastroduodenal diseases, including peptic ulcers and gastric cancer, is analyzed. Concurrently, Helicobacter pylori infection may have a role in promoting colonic carcinogenesis and, more interestingly, it has also been linked to biliary tract cancers. The review highlights the evolving landscape of H. pylori management in the context of surgical interventions, accentuating the need for further research to delineate optimal strategies for preoperative screening, eradication therapies, and their impact on surgical outcomes and long-term patient prognosis. Comprehending the surgical ramifications of H. pylori infection remains crucial, emphasizing the significance of interdisciplinary approaches and ongoing research effort aimed at enhancing patient care.

The Impact of Screening and Surgery on Life Expectancy in Breast Cancer - A Mathematical Model Case Study in the European Union.

Background: In the last 20 years in European Union states, the life expectancy did not change much. In the period 2012-2021 the average life expectancy remained almost constant at 82 years. Breast cancer represents the main cause of death by cancer in women The purpose of this research is to identify o identify and measure the influence of some medical interventions and procedures related to breast cancer on life expectancy. In our article, the target group is the feminine population from 27 EU countries. Methodology: For the analysis several indicators provided by Eurostat were considered: life expectancy for female population as a dependent variable and breast cancer screenings, surgical operations and procedures performed in hospitals (partial and total excision) were used as independent variables. The research used a mathematical model (regression panel) for 27 EU countries, for a 10 year period, to evaluate the impact of each independent variable on the life expectancy in EU as a whole. Results: From a statistical point of view, screening has a significant effect on life expectancy. On the other hand, surgical interventions have a role in the overall medical process and positively influence life expectancy. The panel model has shown that partial interventions contribute less than screening procedures to increase life expectancy. Conclusion: The development of mathematical models in health care is useful in the process of improving health care quality. In our days, the measurement and quantification of some medical methods is particularly difficult due to so many variables and observations. In these difficult circumstances, the mathematical models could bring some clarifications and structure.

New Insights into Lynch Syndrome: A Narrative Review.

Lynch syndrome, characterized by DNA mismatch repair deficiency, represents a significant paradigm among cancer predisposition syndromes and is notably associated with heightened susceptibility to various cancers, particularly colorectal and endometrial malignancies. The primary aim of this research paper is to scrutinize specific associations and delve into the underlying molecular mechanisms of Lynch syndrome. Genetic alterations in MMR genes, including MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and EPCAM, compromise DNA repair mechanisms, predisposing affected individuals to a spectrum of malignancies. This paper comprehensively investigates current screening methodologies and preventive measures tailored for individuals identified or at risk of Lynch syndrome. The integration of advanced sequencing technologies and refined bioinformatics tools has significantly improved mutation detection accuracy, facilitating precise identification of mutation carriers and their at-risk relatives. Moreover, this review emphasizes the evolving diagnostic landscape, which have revolutionized the identification of potential mutation carriers. The structured diagnostic algorithm, incorporating clinical criteria, tumor testing, and genetic analysis, plays a pivotal role in systematically identifying and managing individuals with Lynch syndrome. While the well-established association of Lynch syndrome with colorectal and endometrial cancers is recognized, emerging evidence suggests an increased risk for other types of malignancies. A crucial aspect of this literature review is to extensively analyze the less commonly acknowledged correlation between Lynch syndrome and prostate or testicular malignancies. Understanding these correlations holds significant importance in guiding tailored screening protocols and preventive strategies for individuals carrying Lynch syndrome-associated genetic mutations. The comprehensive assessment of this diverse spectrum of cancers underscores the necessity for tailored surveillance strategies and multidisciplinary approaches to effectively manage and mitigate risks in individuals harboring Lynch syndrome-associated genetic alterations.

Evaluating Serum Calcium and Magnesium Levels as Predictive Biomarkers for Tuberculosis and COVID-19 Severity: A Romanian Prospective Study.

In Romania, the highest incidence of tuberculosis (TB) within the European Union was reported in 2020, highlighting a significant health challenge. This is compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has severely impacted healthcare services, including TB management. Both TB and COVID-19, diseases with considerable morbidity and mortality, have shown potential links to electrolyte imbalances. We conducted a prospective study at Victor Babes Hospital, Romania on 146 patients (74 with TB, 72 with COVID-19) between December 2021 and July 2023. This study assessed correlations between disease severity and serum calcium and magnesium levels, as well as pulmonary function. Adult patients with confirmed diagnoses and comprehensive medical records were included, excluding those with chronic respiratory diseases or unrelated electrolyte imbalances. Statistical analysis utilized the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's procedure for non-normally distributed data. Low serum calcium and magnesium levels were significantly correlated with severe forms of TB and COVID-19, suggesting their potential as biomarkers of disease progression. Patients with more severe TB (i.e., multiple cavities) exhibited significantly lower serum calcium (p = 0.0049) and magnesium levels (p = 0.0004). ROC analysis revealed high AUC values for serum calcium and serum magnesium in predicting COVID-19 severity, indicating their potential as biomarkers. This study demonstrates a significant association between lower serum calcium and magnesium levels and increased TB severity. Similarly, these electrolytes show promise as predictive markers for COVID-19 severity. These findings could serve as biomarkers for predicting the severity of TB and COVID-19, offering potential utility in clinical decision-making.

The Outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty for Patients with Psychiatric Disorders: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Background and Objectives: For some years, psychiatric illness has been a major factor in evaluating the results of total knee arthroplasty. As with other patient-related items, patients diagnosed with mental illness have higher costs of medical treatment, longer recovery, and longer hospital stays. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the role of mental diseases on the surgical outcome compared with the normal population. Materials and Methods: At our hospital, we undertook a retrospective study between June 2020 and January 2022. The experimental group consisted of patients with mental diseases including schizophrenia, bipolar disease, depression, substance uses, or other psychiatric disorders. The control group consisted of patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty and did not have a mental disease. Postoperative complications and length of stay were also recorded during the study. We used the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the Knee Society Score (KSS) as outcome measures. Results: Between June 2020 and January 2022, a total of 634 patients underwent total knee arthroplasty in our clinic, of which 239 had a mental disease. The majority of patients were female (61%), and the average length of stay was significantly longer for patients with mental illness (6.8 vs. 2.8 days). Preoperative WOMAC and KS function scores demonstrated statistically significant differences between groups (67.83 ± 17.8 vs. 62.75 ± 15.7 and 29.31 ± 19.8 vs. 34.98 ± 21.3). KS knee score did not show any significant differences preoperatively. All postoperative functional scores showed significantly better results for the control group compared to the mental illness group. Conclusions: Mental illness appears to be linked with lower TKA scores before and after the surgical procedure.

In Vivo Sentinel Lymph Node Detection with Indocyanine Green in Colorectal Cancer.

Introduction: The indocyanine green fluorescence imaging system allows the identification of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and blood flow during surgery. Colorectal cancer is the second commonest cancer in women, the third in men, being the fourth commonest cause of cancer death. One of the most important factors for staging and prognosis in colorectal cancer is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes. In the literature, there are several methods for identifying sentinel lymph nodes, including methylene blue, technetium (99m Tc) and indocyanine green. The current article presents the use of indocyanate in the identification of sentinel node/nodes in malignant tumors of the colon, by a technique performed in vivo, before the primary ligation of the vascular pedicles. Material and methods:The study was prospectively conducted on a group of 23 patients who had undergone a standard surgical resection - 21 of them for a malignant tumor of the colon and two patients for a malignant rectal tumor - in the 1st General Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, between January 2020-March 2022. During surgery, sentinel lymph node detection was performed using indocyanine green and the Karl Storz® Vitom ICG probe. Sentinel lymph nodes were separately excised and sent to the Department of Pathological Anatomy for analysis. Results:Sentinel nodes were successfully identified in 13 patients and the overall identification rate was 56.52% (13/23 cases). In seven cases, the number of invaded nodes was the same as that of identified and invaded sentinel nodes. Complete lymphadenectomy was performed in all cases regardless of the staining status of the sentinel lymph nodes. Conclusions:The use of fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green in colorectal cancer remains controversial. Since no specific receptor target is used, the fluorescent signal is not specific for lymph node metastases. The learning curve is particularly important for increasing the accuracy of the technique and is responsible for the negative results in some cases. Cases in which lymph nodes have not been invaded require further evaluation through immunohistochemistry and chain polymerization reaction (RT-PCR).

Look beyond the Mirror: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Situs Inversus Totalis-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (and Report of New Technique).

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a technically and physically demanding procedure for surgeons and there is still a lack of consensus regarding the best technical approach in such cases. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate port placement, the dominant hand of the surgeon, preoperative imaging, morbidity, and mortality. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies of patients with SIT that underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Of 387 identified records, 101 met our inclusion criteria, all of them case reports or case series of maximum of 6 patients. RESULTS: Out of the 121 patients included in the analysis, 94 were operated on using a "mirrored American" technique, 12 using the "Mirrored French", 9 employed single-port techniques, and 6 described novel port placements. Even though most surgeries were conducted by a right-handed surgeon (93 cases), surgeries performed by the seven left-handed surgeons yielded shorter intervention times (p = 0.024). Preoperative imaging (CT, MRI, MRCP, ERCP) also correlated with a lower duration of surgery (p = 0.038. Length of stay was associated with the type of disease, but not with other studied endpoints. Morbidity was less than 1%, and conversion rates and mortality were nil. CONCLUSIONS: Cholecystectomy in SIT is a safe but challenging procedure and surgeons should prepare in advance for the unfamiliar aspects of completing such a task. While preoperative imaging and a left-handed surgeon are beneficial in terms of surgery length, when these are not available surgeons should focus on achieving the most comfortable setting based on their experience and tailor their approach to the patient at hand. Further studies are needed in order to properly describe and evaluate intraoperative findings as well as surgeon-dependent factors that could improve future recommendations.

Isolated liver trauma: A clinical perspective in a non-emergency center for liver surgery.

The management of liver trauma is, currently, still heterogeneous ranging from conservative to major invasive liver resections. When appropriate, these cases should be referred to a regional care center. The objective of this study was to analyze the expertise of a non-emergency center for liver surgery from Romania after initial stabilization in county hospitals. This study is a monocentric, retrospective, observational study, including 12 patients with hepatic trauma after a car accident, admitted between 2015 and 2019. We analyzed various clinical and biochemical data as independent variables, and the main outcome was considered the intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Our results revealed that intubation status at admission, norepinephrine infusion during surgery, hyperfibrinogenemia and duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with isolated liver trauma were correlated with prolonged ICU length of stay. Further prospective, more comprehensive studies are needed in order to evaluate the exact prognostic factors in terms of short- and long-term mortality.

"Fistura Score" as a Predictive Instrument for Anastomotic Leak.

Introduction: A patent digestive anastomosis is not only the result of the surgery team experience, but also dependent on the patientâ??s factors. Accepting the possible dramatic effects of an anastomotic leak, identification of risk factors remains a priority in case management. Material and methods: Multifactorial assessment scores permit risk quantification, increase grade of suspicion and early management implementation. The correlation between diverse potential risk factors and anastomotic leak (AL) was studied. The identified risk factors were included in a predictive score system. FISTULA SCORE represents a feasible instrument based on 12 clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic variables, with good statistical significance (Se = 79.5%, Sp = 90.2%). Results: Anastomotic leaks (AL) were observed in 39 cases (7.68%) out of 508 patients analysed, appearing in days 2 - 10 after surgery, with a mean value of 6 days. FISTULA SCORE was based on attributed risks found in our study group for each factor and has the purpose to identify patients at risk for AL and, in some cases, to change the therapeutic or surgical strategy. In AL patients group, the mean score was 5.06 1.95 points, and in AL-free patients group - 1.57 1.61 points. Conclusions: The risk for AL must be appreciated and quantified with a multivariable scoring system. FISTULA SCORE can identify, with a good statistical significance, patient at risk for AL, changing the management of case, reducing length of stay, costs, morbidities, mortality and psychological effects on patient and medical stuff.