The endoscopic aspect of foraminal anatomy and dorsal root ganglion in percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy.

Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy (PTED) offers an exceptional visualization of foraminal anatomy. Dorsal root ganglion and adjacent foraminal structures are satisfactorily visualized, thereby minimizing the risk of their intraoperative injury.

Severe kyphoscoliosis in a 17-year-old patient with T11-T12 hemivertebra: X-ray imaging of the abnormal anatomy of the thoracolumbar spine.

Young patient exhibiting lumbar pain accompanied by severe kyphoscoliosis-hemivertebra of the thoracolumbar spine; a rare etiology with difficult surgical treatment.

Update on diagnosis and management of cuboid fractures.

Cuboid fractures due to the particular bone anatomy and its protected location in the midfoot are rare, and they are usually associated with complex injuries of the foot. Clinical examination to diagnose these fractures should be detailed and the differential diagnosis, especially in the case of vague symptoms, should include the exclusion of all lateral foot pain causes. Conventional radiographs do not always reveal occult fractures, which can be under diagnosed especially in children. In this case, further investigation including magnetic resonance imaging or scintigraphy may be required. The treatment of these injuries depends on the particular fracture characteristics. Non-displaced isolated fractures of the cuboid bone can be effectively treated conservatively by immobilization and by avoiding weight bearing on the injured leg. In the case of shortening of the lateral column > 3 mm or articular displacement > 1 mm, surgical management of the fracture is mandatory in order to avoid negative biomechanical and functional consequences for the foot and adverse effects such as arthritis and stiffness as well as painful gait. In this review, an update on diagnosis and management of cuboid fractures is presented.