ABSTRACT
The aim of the present systematic review was to compare sleep disorders in children, from 7 to 12 years old, with and without an attention-deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis. Electronic literature search of PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases was conducted in September 2017. We included cross-sectional observational studies comparing the sleep of children between 7 and 12 years old, with and without an ADHD diagnosis, reported according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. The studies with other research designs, those that included adolescents and/or adults in the sample and those who evaluated the sleep of children with ADHD and other associated comorbidities were excluded. A total of 1911 articles were identified. After analyzing, 8 articles were compatible with the theme and included in the review. For sleep evaluation, most of the studies used an objective measure together with another subjective measure. Three out of six studies that used objective measures did not observe any differences between children with and without ADHD diagnosis. Children with ADHD presented more sleep disturbances when compared to children without the diagnosis. These disorders were diverse, yet inconsistent among the surveys. More studies are needed to clarify and for robust results.
ABSTRACT
A capacidade para localizar objetos fixos ou em movimento no espaço tridimensional depende da função visual. No indivíduo cego, as modalidades sensoriais remanescentes, nomeadamente a audição, poderiam compensar a visão na localização espacial. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o papel da audição no mecanismo de localização espacial por meio da habilidade de orientar de forma precisa a cabeça face à fonte sonora. Cinco adultos cegos congênitos foram comparados com cinco sujeitos videntes vendados. A tarefa consistiu na orientação da cabeça ao estímulo sonoro, emitido por sete fontes diferentes, com localização fixa. A posição tridimensional da cabeça e tronco foi registrada por um sistema de varredura eletromagnético (Flock of Birds System). Para cada som produzido foi calculado o "erro de localização". Esta medida correspondeu à diferença entre o registro da posição obtido durante o teste e durante uma posição de controle. Os resultados revelaram que nos indivíduos cegos congênitos a magnitude de erro de localização dos estímulos auditivos foi superior aos indivíduos videntes. Conclui-se que a representação mental formada com base na visão constitui um dos pré-requisitos para um bom desempenho nas tarefas espaciais.
The ability to locate stationary or moving objects in space depends on visual function. It is thought that for blind individuals, the remaining sensory modalities, in particular hearing, will compensate for the absence of vision in spatial localization. This study aimed to analyze the role of hearing on the spatial localization mechanism by looking at the ability to accurately direct the head to the source of sound. Five congenitally blind adults were compared to five sighted people who wore blindfolds. The task consisted of turning the head toward the sound stimulus, coming from seven different fixed point sources. The three dimensional position of the head and trunk was registered by an electromagnetic scanning device (Flock of Birds System). The "error of localization" was calculated for each sound produced. This measurement corresponded to the difference between the recorded positions during the test and the control position. The results revealed that in congenitally blinded individuals the magnitude of the "error of localization" was greater than in sighted individuals. The conclusion was that mental representations formed based on vision constitutes one of the prerequisites to good performance on spatial tasks.
