Comparison of various assays used for detection of beta-lactam antibiotics in poultry meat.

In this study, microbiological tests for the detection of beta-lactam antibiotics in meat and meat products were evaluated. The traditional FPT (four plate test, containing Bacillus subtilis and Kocuria rhizophila), BsDA (Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay) and a newly developed microbiological test, Premi Test (containing Bacillus stearothermophilus) were included in the study. The limit of detection (LOD) of the Premi Test was compared with the LOD of the traditional methods. The detection limits of the tests were determined by using beta-lactam antibiotic standards dissolved in meat juice, as well as meat tissue obtained from laying hens after experimental administration of amoxicillin. Positive samples, based on inhibition of growth of the organism in the test, were confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Growth inhibition in the traditional tests is visible as a clear zone on the plate, whereas for Premi Test, this is based on the absence of a colour change of the test. The LODs of antibiotics tested were as follows: Penicillin G (PENG) 5 microg kg(-1), amoxicillin (AMOX) 10 microg kg(-1), ampicillin (AMP) 25 microg kg(-1), oxacillin (OXA) 30 microg kg(-1), and cloxacillin (CLOX) 30 microg kg(-1) on the plate with Bacillus stearothermophilus. Beta-lactam antibiotics can be detected also on one plate seeded with Kocuria rhizophila, although the LODs are higher: PENG 10 microg kg(-1), AMOX 25 microg kg(-1), AMP 30 microg kg(-1), OXA 50 microg kg(-1), and CLOX 50 microg kg(-1). Premi Test was performed according to the Standard Operating Procedure intended for detection of beta-lactam antibiotics in poultry tissues with following LODs: PENG 4 microg kg(-1), AMOX 5 microg kg(-1), AMP 5 microg kg(-1), OXA 40 microg kg(-1), CLOX 50 microg kg(-1). All tests are able to detect beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin and cloxacillin below the maximum residue level (MRL). However, the detection limits of the Premi Test for PENG, AMOX and AMP were below the limits of BsDA and the plate containing Kocuria rhizophila.

Application of gel permeation chromatography and HPLC method with fluorescence detector to determination of benzo(a)pyrene in food samples.

During the last three decades contamination of food by traces of toxic substances has been the object of intensive research in modern food toxicology. Various classes of compounds of different origin were detected in food and beverages. In particular nitrosamines and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons attracted attention, due to their mutagenic and cancerogenic potential (1, 2). Traces of PAHs have been detected in many foods, including vegetables, vegetable oils, fruits, grains, sea food, grilled and roasted meat, smoked fish, coffee and tea. PAHs in food are only a part of the general problem of PAH pollution in the environment. The numerous types of PAHs--some 100 have been isolated and identified in food and in the environment--are a challenge to modern analytical technique. Various chromatographic procedures, including column, paper and thin layer chromatography have been applied to isolate these substances from contaminated samples. Some of these methods give satisfactory results, especially in the determination of single PAHs including benzo(a)pyrene (3). Gas chromatography and HPLC are the techniques most widely used to meet these analytical demands. Very important are pretreatment of food samples and clean-up procedures. In Slovakia limits for B)a)P in food are: 0.001 mg/kg in smoked meat and fish products; 0.003 mg/kg in paprika, pepper, sausages. Other PAHs (from US EPA 16 PAH) have no limits. This paper describes determination of benzo(a)pyrene in different food samples by gel permeation chromatography and the HPLC method with a fluorescence detector. State Veterinary Institute (SVU) in Dolný Kubín (Slovakia) is authorized for determination of benzo(a)pyrene in all samples, which are imported to Slovakia. Many samples with excessive of benzo(a)pyrene were from Baltic Sea (especially smoked sprats).