Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency following pancreatoduodenectomy: A prospective bi-center study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is a common complication following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) leading to malnutrition. The course of PEI and related symptoms and vitamin deficiencies is unknown. This study aimed to assess the (long-term) incidence of PEI and vitamin deficiencies after PD. METHODS: A bi-centre prospective observational cohort study was performed, including patients who underwent PD for mainly pancreatic and periampullary (pre)malignancies (2014-2018). Two cohorts were formed to evaluate short and long-term results. Patients were followed for 18 months and clinical symptoms were evaluated by questionnaire. PEI was based on faecal elastase-1 (FE-1) levels and/or clinical symptoms. RESULTS: In total, 95 patients were included. After three months, all but three patients had developed PEI and 27/29 (93%) patients of whom stool samples were available showed abnormal FE-1 levels, which did not improve during follow-up. After six months, all patients had developed PEI. During follow-up, symptoms resolved in 35%-70% of patients. Vitamin D and K deficiencies were observed in 48%-79% of patients, depending on the moment of follow-up; 0%-50% of the patients with deficiencies received vitamin supplementation. DISCUSSION: This prospective study found a high incidence of PEI after PD with persisting symptoms in one-to two thirds of all patients. Limited attention was paid to vitamin deficiencies. Improved screening and treatment strategies for PEI and vitamins need to be designed.

[What promotes and hinders integration of oral care in general care? Part 1. Vision, attitude and culture]. / Wat bevordert en belemmert integratie van mondzorg in de algemene zorg? Deel 1. Visie, houding en cultuur.

To identify facilitators and barriers to integrate oral health care into general healthcare for frail elderly, 41 participants from 10 different groups of (professional) caregivers and care-recipients (residents living at home and nursing home patients) in the east of the Netherlands were interviewed. They were asked about normative integration (vision, attitude, culture) at the macro (system), meso (organizational and interprofessional), and micro (patient care) level. After thematic analysis of the interviews, the results were refined on the basis of a workshop with 52 stakeholders. Subsequently, two main themes were identified: 1. a compartmentalized care culture in which oral healthcare and general healthcare are seen as two separate domains; 2. prioritization, awareness, and attitude towards oral healthcare integration. Barriers to integration are: low political attention (macro level); unclear responsibilities, hierarchical relationships, and lack of vision (meso level); poor awareness and low prioritization by healthcare providers and patients (micro level). Leadership (meso level), a supportive personality of individual caregivers, and ownership of patients (micro level) promote integration.

[What promotes and hinders integration of oral care in general care? Part 2. Policy, organization, implementation]. / Wat bevordert en belemmert integratie van mondzorg in de algemene zorg? Deel 2. Beleid, organisatie, uitvoering.

To identify facilitators and barriers to integrate oral healthcare into general healthcare for frail elderly, 41 participants from 10 different groups of (professional) caregivers and recipients (residents living at home and nursing home patients) in the east of the Netherlands were interviewed. They were asked about functional integration at the macro (system), meso (organizational and interprofessional) and micro (patient care) level. After thematic analysis of the interviews, the results were refined on the basis of a workshop with 52 stakeholders. Subsequently, two main themes for functional factors were identified: 1. compartmentalized care systems and 2. deficient interprofessional and communication infrastructure. Barriers to integration are lack of integrative policies, compartmentalized education (macro level), poor embedding of oral healthcare in healthcare procedures and diagnostic tools, poor communication systems (meso level) and poor interprofessional skills (micro level). The integration of oral healthcare providers in care teams, agenda-setting during interdisciplinary consultations (meso level) and integration of oral care and care in individual care plans (micro level) promote integration. Oral healthcare for the elderly is poorly integrated in general care in the Netherlands.

Barriers and Facilitators to integrate Oral Health care for Older Adults in General (Basic) Care in East Netherlands. Part 2 Functional Integration.

OBJECTIVE: to synthesise a framework of barriers and facilitators in the functional integration of oral health care (OHC) into general health care for frail older adults at macro (system), meso (organisation and interprofessional integration) and micro (clinical practice) levels. BACKGROUND: Identification of these barriers and facilitators is expected to promote better and more appropriate care. METHODS: For this qualitative study, comprising 41 participants, representatives of 10 different groups of (professional) care providers, and OHC receivers (home-dwelling and nursing-home patients) were interviewed. Transcripts of the in-depth, topic-guided interviews were thematically analysed. In a subsequent workshop with 52 stakeholders, results and interpretations were discussed and refined. RESULTS: Two themes were identified: (1) compartmentalised care systems and (2) poor interprofessional and communication infrastructure. Barriers related to (1) included lack of integrative policies and compartmentalised healthcare education (macro level); poor embedding of OHC in care procedures, instruments and guidelines (meso level); and poor interprofessional skills (micro level). Barriers related to (2) included poor financial incentives for collaborative practices (macro level) and badly connected ICT systems (meso level). Identified facilitators included integration of an OHC professional into care teams, and interdisciplinary consultations (meso level); and integration of OHC in individual care plans (micro level). CONCLUSION: In The Netherlands, OHC for older people is at best poorly integrated into general care practices. Barriers and facilitators are interconnected across macro-, meso- and micro levels and between normative and functional domains and are mainly related to compartmentalisation at all levels and to poor interprofessional and communication infrastructure.

Adolescent girls and young women: Policy-to-implementation gaps for addressing sexual and reproductive health needs in South Africa.

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services for adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) remain inadequate - both globally and in South Africa (SA). We systematically scoped the available policies and guidelines for SRH-related policy for AGYW in SA. We found many available policies and guidelines to address issues of family planning, HIV prevention and care and antenatal and maternal care. Despite the wealth of guidance, SA's high rates of pregnancy and HIV transmission continue unabated. Our policy review and analysis identified issues for researchers and policymakers to consider when developing and implementing programmes to improve SRH services. We suggest that considering national policies alongside evidence of what is effective, as well as contextual barriers to and enablers of strategies to address AGYW needs for SRH, are among the key steps to addressing the policy-to-implementation gap.

[Research agenda oral care for older people in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium)]. / Wetenschapsagenda 'Mondzorg voor ouderen' in Nederland en Vlaanderen.

Oral care for older people is an underexposed topic in dentistry as well as in general healthcare, while oral care professionals are increasingly confronted with frail and multimorbid older people with complex care needs. The research agenda 'Oral care for the elderly' was developed to encourage the collaboration of researchers in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium) to do more research in this area and in this way, to achieve an expansion and implementation of knowledge. This will make possible the provision of a socially responsible and robust basis for sustainable oral care for frail older people. The focus of the agenda is on 3 themes, namely oral health and oral function for older people; multi/interdisciplinary collaboration within primary care and the costs, benefits and long-term effect(s) of oral care throughout the entire course of life. This article provides an overview of this research agenda and the way in which it has been established.

[Oral healthcare for frail and care-dependent older people in Germany and the Netherlands]. / Mondzorg voor kwetsbare en zorgafhankelijke ouderen in Duitsland en Nederland.

To improve oral health for frail and care-dependent older people, both intra- and extramurally, in the Euregio Rhine-Waal area in the Netherlands and Germany, we inventoried barriers to oral care for the target group according to the literature, the organisation of oral care in both countries and the implications of this organisation for daily and professional (oral) healthcare and oral care. Results show most identified barriers are common to both countries, but the organisation of oral healthcare differs in both countries. The main differences lie in the financing and organisation of oral care in the intramural situation. In the Netherlands, this is to a large degree regulated and organised on the basis of the Chronic Care Act (Wlz), using the Verenso Oral Care Directive for care-dependent clients as a base for enforcement. In Germany, on the other hand, the provision of oral care in the home situation is more effectively facilitated. In both countries, various initiatives have recently been employed to improve, among other things, information supply, education and financing of oral healthcare.

[A PhD completed. The shortened dental arch and quality of life]. / Serie: Hora est. Verkorte tandboog en levenskwaliteit.

The question addressed by this doctoral research was whether the concept of the shortened dental arch has become an obsolete treatment therapy. To answer this question, a systematic review of literature concerning the oral health related quality of life of people with a shortened dental arch was carried out, a questionnaire among people with and without a shortened dental arch was employed to determine the longevity and clinical outcomes of shortened dental arches and finally, semi-structured interviews were conducted to assess perceptions and attitudes regarding absent molars and prostheses. The conclusion is that in certain situations the shortened dental arch concept is still valid. Patients with a shortened dental arch experience an oral health related quality of life comparable to people with a full dental arch and a shortened dental arch can function well for up to 30 years or more. During the joint decision-making process about whether to apply the shortened dental arch concept, it is important to address the underlying issues involved in having or treating a shortened dental arch.

[Placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes by nurses]. / Plaatsing van naso-enterale voedingssondes door verpleegkundigen.

Electromagnetic-guided placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes by nurses is an alternative to endoscopic placement by gastroenterologists. During placement, the electromagnetic signal that is emitted by the tip of the guidewire enables visualisation of the position of the tube on a portable monitor. The procedure can be performed by a trained endoscopy nurse at the bedside of the patient. This could have logistic advantages, as the patient transport is not necessary and confirmation of the position of the tube by an abdominal X-ray is not required. Other possible advantages of the new technique are no preprocedural fasting and no need for sedation. If the tube coils in the stomach, it can be repositioned without the need for a repeat procedure. A randomised multicentre trial found electromagnetic nasoenteral placement of feeding tubes to be non-inferior on comparison with endoscopic placement by gastroenterologists, and it can be considered as the preferred technique.

A novel label-free cell-based assay technology using biolayer interferometry.

Biolayer interferometry (BLI) is a well-established optical label-free technique to study biomolecular interactions. Here we describe for the first time a cell-based BLI (cBLI) application that allows label-free real-time monitoring of signal transduction in living cells. Human A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells were captured onto collagen-coated biosensors and serum-starved, followed by exposure to agonistic compounds targeting various receptors, while recording the cBLI signal. Stimulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with EGF, the ß2-adrenoceptor with dopamine, or the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR/c-MET) with an agonistic antibody resulted in distinct cBLI signal patterns. We show that the mechanism underlying the observed changes in cBLI signal is mediated by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, a process referred to as dynamic mass redistribution (DMR). A panel of ligand-binding blocking and non-blocking anti-EGFR antibodies was used to demonstrate that this novel BLI application can be efficiently used as a label-free cellular assay for compound screening and characterization.

[The (putative) pathological impact of fibromyalgia on the orofacial system]. / De (vermeende) pathologische invloed van fibromyalgie op het orofaciale systeem.

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome without apparent aetiology, characterised by pain, fatigue, memory disorders, mood disorders, and sleep disturbances. The syndrome is considered to be one of the rheumatic diseases. In the general population, the prevalence varies from 2 to 8%, with a women-men ratio of about 2:1. Suspicion of fibromyalgia arises when a patient has pain at multiple locations that cannot be attributed to trauma or inflammation, and when the pain is especially musculoskeletal. Primary management includes explaining the syndrome and offering reassurance. In addition, one can also attempt to increase mobility, avoid overloading, and improve physical condition and the level of activity, and to activate problem-solving skills. Subsequently, behavioural therapy and pharmacotherapy may be considered. The most important manifestations of fibromyalgia in the orofacial and occlusal system seem to be temporomandibular dysfunction, headache, xerostomia, hyposalivation, burning mouth and dysgeusia. However, with respect to the precise relation of fibromyalgia with the orofacial system, much needs to be elucidated.

Vitamin D, Inflammation, and Colorectal Cancer Progression: A Review of Mechanistic Studies and Future Directions for Epidemiological Studies.

Survival from colorectal cancer is positively associated with vitamin D status. However, whether this association is causal remains unclear. Inflammatory processes may link vitamin D to colorectal cancer survival, and therefore investigating inflammatory markers as potential mediators may be a valuable next step. This review starts with an overview of inflammatory processes suggested to be involved in colorectal cancer progression and regulated by vitamin D. Next, we provide recommendations on how to study inflammatory markers in future epidemiologic studies on vitamin D and colorectal cancer survival. Mechanistic studies have shown that calcitriol-active form of vitamin D-influences inflammatory processes involved in cancer progression, including the enzyme cyclooxygenase 2, the NF-κB pathway, and the expression of the cytokines TNFα, IL1ß, IL6, IL8, IL17, and TGFß1. Based on this and taking into account methodologic issues, we recommend to include analysis of specific soluble peptides and proteins, such as cytokines, in future epidemiologic studies on this issue. Vitamin D and the markers should preferably be measured at multiple time points during disease progression or recovery and analyzed using mediation analysis. Including these markers in epidemiologic studies may help answer whether inflammation mediates a causal relationship between vitamin D and colorectal cancer survival.

[Dissertations 25 year after date 41. Older people's adaptability]. / Proefschriften 25 jaar na dato 41. Aanpassingsvermogen van ouderen.

In 1990, the thesis 'Removable complete dentures in older people, an issue dealing with adaptability?' was published. Among other things, this thesis aimed at finding a method of measuring older people's adaptability to removable complete dentures. Its conclusion was that a subscale of the "Beoordelingsschaal voor Oudere Patiënten" (Rating scale for older patients) had predictive value. Subsequently, only a few research projects on this topic have been carried out. They dealt with demonstrated adaptation achieved after treatment, the realised adaptation. The results were disappointing. Ever since the availability of endosseous oral implants, research into adaptability to conventional removable complete dentures seems less relevant. During the last decades, inquiries into a method of measuring treatment effectiveness has focused on older people's quality of life and general health condition. However, to assess with respect to oral health care an older person's general health condition and load-taking capacity adequately, some experience is indispensable.

Environmental impacts of innovative dairy farming systems aiming at improved internal nutrient cycling: A multi-scale assessment.

Several dairy farms in the Netherlands aim at reducing environmental impacts by improving the internal nutrient cycle (INC) on their farm by optimizing the use of available on-farm resources. This study evaluates the environmental performance of selected INC farms in the Northern Friesian Woodlands in comparison to regular benchmark farms using a Life Cycle Assessment. Regular farms were selected on the basis of comparability in terms of milk production per farm and per hectare, soil type and drainage conditions. In addition, the environmental impacts of INC farming at landscape level were evaluated with the integrated modelling system INITIATOR, using spatially explicit input data on animal numbers, land use, agricultural management, meteorology and soil, assuming that all farms practised the principle of INC farming. Impact categories used at both farm and landscape levels were global warming potential, acidification potential and eutrophication potential. Additional farm level indicators were land occupation and non-renewable energy use, and furthermore all farm level indicators were also expressed per kg fat and protein corrected milk. Results showed that both on-farm and off-farm non-renewable energy use was significantly lower at INC farms as compared with regular farms. Although nearly all other environmental impacts were numerically lower, both on-farm and off-farm, differences were not statistically significant. Nitrogen losses to air and water decreased by on average 5 to 10% when INC farming would be implemented for the whole region. The impact of INC farming on the global warming potential and eutrophication potential was, however, almost negligible (<2%) at regional level. This was due to a negligible impact on the methane emissions and on the surplus and thereby on the soil accumulation and losses of phosphorus to water at INC farms, illustrating the focus of these farms on closing the nitrogen cycle.

[The impact of frailty on the oral care behaviour and dental service use of elderly people]. / De invloed van kwetsbaarheid op mondzorggedrag en tandartsbezoek van ouderen.

In order to explore how the level of frailty and various frailty factors affect the dental service use and oral self-care behaviour of frail elderly people, 51 frail elderly people were interviewed. Additional information on age, gender, living situation, prosthetic status, self-reported health and oral health, chronic diseases and an index for frailty was collected. A thematic qualitative analysis of the collected data reveals that frail elders maintain long-established oral hygiene routines as long as possible to sustain a sense of self-worth. When burdened by severe health complaints they discontinue visits to the dentist first and oral hygiene routines subsequently. A loss of confidence in the results of dental service use, the trivializing of complaints and a diminishing sense of the importance of oral health play a role in these developments. Frail elderly people also experience psychological and social barriers to oral healthcare and dental service use when they are institutionalized.

Impact of mitotic activity on the pathological substaging of pT1 cutaneous melanoma.

BACKGROUND: In the transition from the sixth to the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) melanoma staging system, mitotic activity was incorporated, while Clark level of invasion was abandoned. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of this change on the pathological tumour (pT)1 substaging of primary cutaneous melanomas and the possible clinical implications. METHODS: Patients with pT1 melanomas, diagnosed in the period January 2003 to March 2011, were selected from a population-based cohort study on cutaneous melanoma in the eastern part of the Netherlands. The pT1 melanomas were systematically reviewed by an expert pathologist and classified according to both the sixth and the seventh editions of the AJCC staging system. The shift of melanomas between pT1 substages, classified according to the two staging systems, was determined. RESULTS: In total, 260 pT1 melanomas were included. Overall 28% (57/207) of all pT1a melanomas shifted to pT1b when classified according to the new seventh staging classification, because of the presence of mitoses. Some 32% (17/53) of all pT1b melanomas shifted to pT1a. The percentage of pT1b melanomas relative to all pT1 melanomas increased from 20% to 36%. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of mitotic activity to the pathological staging system, according to the seventh edition of the AJCC staging system, resulted in a considerable change in the classification of thin cutaneous melanomas. This shift has clear clinical implications, as it is advised in the Dutch guideline that patients with pT1b melanoma should be offered a sentinel lymph node biopsy.

[Prosthetic replacement of missing teeth. Indications for fixed and removable dental prostheses]. / Prothetische vervanging van afwezige gebitselementen. Indicaties voor vaste en uitneembare prothetische constructies.

Prosthetic replacement of missing teeth aims to improve health. This can be achieved by improving the patient's well-being and quality of life and by restoring the biological balance in terms ofocclusal and mandibular stability in the occlusal and the orofacial system. In occlusal systems with a complete anterior region and 'satisfactory' premolar and molar regions, prosthetic replacement of missing teeth is not indicated generally. In case ofa restricted number of missing teeth in the anterior region and/or a not 'satisfactory' premolar region, fixed dental prostheses may be indicated. In case of an incomplete anterior region and no 'satisfactory'premolar as well as molar regions, removable dental prostheses are usually indicated. These guidelines are presented in the absence of sufficient scientific evidence. Therefore, in clinical decision making, the question whether prosthetic replacement of missing teeth is sensible, and if so, by which type of dental prosthesis, can only be answered after a dialogue with mutual respect between care provider and patient.

[Single- and multi-unit fixed dental prostheses in relation to the occlusal system]. / Kronen en bruggen in relatie tot het occlusiesysteem.

Occlusion concepts based on functional aspects offer more solid ground in the diagnostic process and in the treatment of (reduced) dentitions than morphologically and mechanically oriented occlusion concepts. Nevertheless, for occlusal reconstruction morphologically oriented guidelines are necessary. These guidelines are based on the border movements and positions of the mandible in the orofacial system, and on the location and modelling of the occlusal contacts in the occlusal system. The modelling of single- and multi-unit fixed dental prostheses must harmonize with the occlusal system. Moreover, an important feature is the relation of the anterior teeth which enables mutually protected occlusion. Characteristics of a healthy orofacial and occlusal system are: absence of pathology, perceived sufficient oral functions, variability inform and function, and adaptive capacity. When designing single- or multiunit fixed dental prostheses, a pragmatic starting point is to maintain the existing occlusion and the existing speech pattern unless arguments can be provided for alterations. The occlusal design should aim at optimizing oral functions, such as mandibular and occlusal stability.

Systematic review of five feeding routes after pancreatoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND: Current European guidelines recommend routine enteral feeding after pancreato-duodenectomy (PD), whereas American guidelines do not. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal feeding route after PD. METHODS: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. Included were studies on feeding routes after PD that reported length of hospital stay (primary outcome). RESULTS: Of 442 articles screened, 15 studies with 3474 patients were included. Data on five feeding routes were extracted: oral diet (2210 patients), enteral nutrition via either a nasojejunal tube (NJT, 165), gastrojejunostomy tube (GJT, 52) or jejunostomy tube (JT, 623), and total parenteral nutrition (TPN, 424). Mean(s.d.) length of hospital stay was shortest in the oral diet and GJT groups (15(14) and 15(11) days respectively), followed by 19(12) days in the JT, 20(15) days in the TPN and 25(11) days in the NJT group. Normal oral intake was established most quickly in the oral diet group (mean 6(5) days), followed by 8(9) days in the NJT group. The incidence of delayed gastric emptying varied from 6 per cent (3 of 52 patients) in the GJT group to 23.2 per cent (43 of 185) in the JT group, but definitions varied widely. The overall morbidity rate ranged from 43.8 per cent (81 of 185) in the JT group to 75 per cent (24 of 32) in the GJT group. The overall mortality rate ranged from 1.8 per cent (3 of 165) in the NJT group to 5.4 per cent (23 of 424) in the TPN group. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence to support routine enteral or parenteral feeding after PD. An oral diet may be considered as the preferred routine feeding strategy after PD.