Specific and robust ion chromatographic determination of hypothiocyanite in saliva samples.

The enzymatic system in saliva, consisting of salivary peroxidase (SPO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and thiocyanate (SCN-), produces hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) as a high effective antibacterial compound. OSCN- is of great importance for the natural non-specific antibacterial resistance in the oral cavity. However, no analytical method currently exists to selectively quantify OSCN- in saliva samples. A robust and specific analytical method for the determination of OSCN- was developed based on ion chromatography with combined UV and electrochemical detection. Calibration was achieved by calculating a derived calibration factor based on the known ratio of molar extinction coefficients of SCN- and OSCN-. Thus, the specific quantification of OSCN- in saliva samples is possible, as demonstrated here. The median value of 200 saliva samples was determined to be 0.56 mg L-1 (median), with a maximum of 3.9 mg L-1; the minimum value was below the detection limit (< 0.09 mg L-1). The recovery rate in individual saliva samples was 95 ± 8%.

Ethanol and ethyl glucuronide urine concentrations after ethanol-based hand antisepsis with and without permitted alcohol consumption.

BACKGROUND: During hand antisepsis, health care workers (HCWs) are exposed to alcohol by dermal contact and by inhalation. Concerns have been raised that high alcohol absorptions may adversely affect HCWs, particularly certain vulnerable individuals such as pregnant women or individuals with genetic deficiencies of aldehyde dehydrogenase. METHODS: We investigated the kinetics of HCWs' urinary concentrations of ethanol and its metabolite ethyl glucuronide (EtG) during clinical work with and without previous consumption of alcoholic beverages by HCWs. RESULTS: The median ethanol concentration was 0.7 mg/L (interquartile range [IQR], 0.5-1.9 mg/L; maximum, 9.2 mg/L) during abstinence and 12.2 mg/L (IQR, 1.5-139.6 mg/L; maximum, 1,020.1 mg/L) during alcohol consumption. During abstinence, EtG reached concentrations of up to 958 ng/mL. When alcohol consumption was permitted, the median EtG concentration of all samples was 2,593 ng/mL (IQR, 890.8-3,576 ng/mL; maximum, 5,043 ng/mL). Although alcohol consumption was strongly correlated with both EtG and ethanol in urine, no significant correlation for the frequency of alcoholic hand antisepsis was observed in the linear mixed models. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ethanol-based handrub induces measurable ethanol and EtG concentrations in urine. Compared with consumption of alcoholic beverages or use of consumer products containing ethanol, the amount of ethanol absorption resulting from handrub applications is negligible. In practice, there is no evidence of any harmful effect of using ethanol-based handrubs as much as it is clinically necessary.